Volume 11, (2019)

• All Binder-Free Electrodes for High-Performance Wearable Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries

  Bing He1,3,4, Ping Man1,3, Qichong Zhang5, Huili Fu1,3, Zhenyu Zhou1,3, Chaowei Li1,3, Qiulong Li1,2, Lei Wei5, Yagang Yao1,2,4,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 101
  First Online: 20 November 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0332-7

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    Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of the quasi-solid-state FARSIB
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    SEM images of a pristine CNTF, b, c Ni(OH)2@CNTF, and d KNHCF@CNTF. e EDS spectrum of KNHCF cube and f corresponding elemental mappings. g XRD patterns of KNHCF@CNTF, Ni(OH)2@CNTF, and pristine CNTF; XPS survey scan of h Ni 2p and i Fe 2p
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    a Comparison of CV curves of Ni(OH)2@CNTF, KNHCF powder, and KNHCF@CNTF at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1. b GCD curves of KNHCF@CNTF at various current densities from 0.05 to 5.0 A cm−3. c Comparison of rate performance of KNHCF powder and KNHCF@CNTF. d CV curves at various scan rates, e corresponding b value, and f long-term cycle stability at 0.8 A cm−3 of the KNHCF@CNTF
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    a, b SEM images of NTP@CNTF with different magnifications. c, d TEM images at various magnifications, and e EDS spectrum of NTP. f XRD pattern of NTP@CNTF. g EDS element mappings for Na, Ti, P, and O of NTP
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    a Comparison of the CV curves at 2 mV s−1 for NTP@CNTF, CNTF, NTP@C, and NTP powders. b CV curves and c the corresponding b value of NTP@CNTF at various scan rates from 1 to 5 mV s−1. d GCD curves and e rate properties and coulombic efficiency of NTP@CNTF at various current densities from 0.2 to 8.0 mA cm−3. f Cycle stability of NTP@CNTF at 4.0 A cm−3
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    a CV curves at various scan rates from 1 to 5 mV s−1, b GCD curves at various current densities from 0.2 to 4.0 A cm−3, c cycle stability and corresponding coulombic efficiency at 2.0 A cm−3, and d Ragone plot of the quasi-solid-state FARSIB with a CMC-Na2SO4 polymer electrolyte. e GCD curves of the FARSIB at various bending angles. f LED powered by two FARSIBs in series

• Cell Membrane Coating Technology: A Promising Strategy for Biomedical Applications

  Yao Liu1, 2, Jingshan Luo1, 2, Xiaojia Chen3, Wei Liu4, *, Tongkai Chen1, 2, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 100
  First Online: 16 November 2019 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0330-9

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    Membrane coating via physical co-extrusion approach. After obtaining appropriate cell membranes via hypotonic isolation, repeated freeze/thawing, or ultrasonic disruption, synthetic NP cores are co-extruded through a porous polycarbonate membrane.
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    Cell membrane-coated NP characterization. a TEM image of RBCM-NPs showing the core-shell structure. Scale bar, 200 nm. b SEM images of the platelet membrane-derived vehicle-coated Si particles. c Average sizes and zeta potentials of PLGA NPs, RBC membrane vesicles, and RBCM-PLGA NPs. d CD47 levels measured by Western blotting demonstrating the retention of characteristic membrane proteins. e SDS-PAGE protein analysis of RBC-ghost, RBC-vesicle, and RBCM-NPs.
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    a, b Normal radiance values and images of the brains of normal nude mice and of brains bearing gliomas at days 7 or 14 of tumor progression. Means ±SD, n = 3, *p 0.05, **p 0.005. c NP localization on day 14 post-tumor implantation, with DAPI (blue) representing nuclear staining, CD31 (red) indicating vasculature, and green indicating NPs. Glioma margin is demarcated by a yellow dotted line, and the tumor is indicated by a yellow arrow; Scale bar = 200 µm. d Survival of intracranial U87 glioma-bearing mice calculated via the Kaplan-Meier method. On days 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 following tumor implantations, animals (n = 10) were injected using either saline as a vehicle control, or with free DOX, DOX-loaded RBC NPs (RBCNPs/DOX), and DOX-loaded DCDX-RBC NPs (DCDX-RBCNPs/DOX). e Integral optical density (IOD) values for tumors from differentially treated mice following either TUNEL staining or CD31/PAS dual staining. Mean density = IOD (SUM)/Area. Mean ±SD, n = 3, *p 0.05. f TUNEL staining and CD31/PAS dual staining analysis of tumors. Scale bar =100 µm.
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    a Mice (n=4) were i.v. administered drug-loaded NPs with or without an RBC membrane coating, using a 15 mg kg-1 PTX equivalent dose. PTX2-TK levels in b the liver and c tumor were assessed at specific time points following NP administration. d Tumor volume changes in mice treated with a range of formulations (PBS, PBS (L+), M(PTX), M(TPC) (L+), M(TPC-PTX), M(TPC-PTX) (L+), RBC(M(TPC-PTX)) and RBC(M(TPC-PTX)) (L+)). L+ indicated laser. e Tumor weights of mice treated as in d. f Body weights of mice over time. g Ex vivo tumor images, as indicated. h Tumor sections were H&E-stained following the indicated treatments. Scale bar = 200 µm. Data d-g are means ±SEM (n= 6). *p 0.05, **p 0.01, and ***p 0.001.
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    a Infrared imaged from representative mice before and after treatments, with black arrows indicating tumor sites. b Tumor volumes over time in treated animals. c Tumor weights in differentially treated animals, with inset images displaying representative ex vivo tumor images at the end of treatment. d Representative H&E- and TUNEL-stained images from differentially treated mice. Data are means ± SEM (n = 6). *p 0.05, **p 0.01, and ***p 0.001 relative to control, respectively, and ## represents p 0.01 relative to conventional extrusion method.
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    a H&E-stained human carotid arterial cross-sections from intact (upper) or injured (lower) samples. Scale bar = 200 μm. b Fluorescence imaging of cross sections (Scale bar = 200 μm) and c luminal side (Scale bar = 500 μm) of intact (upper) or injured (lower) arterial tissue (in green) following incubation with PNPs (in red). d-e 3D reconstructions based on multiple section images from either undamaged (upper) or balloon-denuded (lower) rat arterial walls following i.v. PNP delivery, with nuclei stained blue and PNPs in red; 152.5 × 116 × 41 μm3. f PNP retention in denuded and undamaged arterial sites for 120 h following PNP administration (n=6). g Representative arterial cross-sections from coronary restenosis model rats exposed to different treatments. Scale bar = 200 μm. h Magnified cross-sections highlighting differences in vascular remodeling among groups; I, intima; M, media. Scale bar = 100 μm. i Quantification of the intima-to-media area ratio and luminal obliteration in differently treated animals (n=6). Data are means ± s.d. NS, no significant difference.
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    Mice received an i.v. injection of NPs, and after 12, 24, and 48 h, tumors and organs of random mice were isolated and used to assess fluorescence and verteporfin levels therein following homogenization. a-c In vivo fluorescence images of mice implanted with 4T1 tumors 12, 24, and 48 h following injection of a PNPs and b RBC-coated NPs loaded with the red membrane dye DiR, with black circled dots identifying tumors. c Total radiant efficiency in tumors was determined based on the images from a and b. d Mice (n=5/group) were irradiated with 680 - 730 nm light (0.05 W cm-2) for 10 min, 24 h after administration of PBS or of PNPs or RBC-coated NPs loaded with verteporfin. e Quantification of average tumor center temperatures from d. Data are means ± s.d. f Average tumor volume in mice following light irradiation. g Tumors were excised from treated mice 35 days following NP administration. h Mouse survival and i average body weight of differently treated mice following light irradiation. Mice treated using RBC-coated NPs loaded with verteporfin are included for reference, as are PBS-injected controls. Data are means ± standard deviation. j Tumor and skin sections stained with H&E on days 3 and 35 after NP administration. Scale bar = 50 µm. *p 0.05 and **p 0.01.
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    a NP UV–Vis absorption spectra. b Temperature change for control or NP preparations following 808 nm laser irradiation. c CLSM results from RAW 264.7 and MCF-7 cells following PLT-MN treatment and laser irradiation. FDA (green) and PI (red) were used to detect live and dead cells, respectively. Scale bar = 100 µm. d Representative in vivo IR thermal images from mice implanted using MCF-7 tumors following the indicated treatments. e Tumor volumes and f average weight following the indicated treatments. g Representative ex vivo tumor images and h HE-, Ki-67-, and TUNEL-staining of tumor tissue from differently treated animals. Scale bars = 200, 50, and 50 µm, respectively. Data are means ± SEM (n = 6). NS: no statistical difference, *p 0.05, **p 0.01, ***p 0.001, relative to PBS control.
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    a Mice were injected with either cskc-PPiP or cskc-PPiP@Ma NPs loaded with an IR probe for the indicated amount of time. b 3D reconstructed fluorescent image of signal in a mouse 48 h following cskc-PPiP@Ma treatment. c Heart (H), liver (Li), spleen (S), lung (Lu), kidney (K), and tumor (T) tissues isolated from the mouse in b. d PTX levels in the organs of mice following treatment using PTX, cskc-PPiP/PTX, PPC8/PTX@Ma, or cskc-PPiP/PTX@Ma (n = 4). e Body weight and f tumor volumes over 3 weeks in treated mice. g Tumor tissues from mice treated as indicated were assessed for apoptotic cells, shown in green. Scale bar = 100 μm.
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    a ROS production in cells exposed to T- or NK-membrane NPs following 660 nm irradiation (100 mW cm-2) was assessed using the fluorescent DCFH-DA indicator. b Flow cytometric assessment of apoptotic induction in irradiated cells exposed to T- and NK-NPs. c Western blotting-mediated measurement of apoptosis-associated proteins in response to NK-NP + PDT treatment. d Overview of the study experimental design, with a dual 4T1 tumor implant model in which primary tumors on the right side received PDT, whereas distal tumors on the left side did not. e Primary tumor growth. f Distal tumor growth. g Morbidity-free survival of differently treated mice. h Changes in body weight of differently treated mice. (n=10). (*p 0.05, **p 0.01).
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    Neutrophil-NPs reduce joint destruction and elicit a systemic therapeutic response following a prophylactic regimen. a Overview of the prophylactic regimen used in a CIA mouse model. b Changes in hind knee diameter over 60 days following CIA induction relative to day 0. c, d Representative H&E and safranin-O staining of knee sections prepared from mice treated using PBS, neutrophil-NPs, anti-IL-1β, or anti-TNF-α. Scale bar = 100 μm. F, synovial membrane fibrillation; H, synovium hyperplasia; I, immune infiltration. e Quantification of cartilage levels in differently treated mice as measured in safranin-O-stained sections. f Representative CD248 (upper) and fibronectin (lower) staining of knee sections from differently treated mice. Scale bar = 10 μm. g Concentration of TNF-α and IL-1β in the serum of CIA mice in different groups. h Changes in hind ankle diameter on day 60 after arthritis induction compared to that on day 0. i, j Values of paw volume and arthritis score were recorded every other day for a total of 60 days. All data points represent means ± s.d. (n = 7 CIA mice). *p 0.05, **p 0.01, ***p 0.001. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc analysis.
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    a-e In vivo effects of CPPNs in mice implanted with 4T1 tumors. a Tumor-growth and b lung metastases in differently treated mice. c Tumor TUNEL staining. Scale bar = 200 μm. d Lung tissues and e H&E stained lung tissues following experimental termination. Scale bar = 100 μm. White arrows indicate metastases. f In vivo bioluminescent imaging of mice in an i.v. 4T1 metastatic model. Data are means ± SD (n = 5). Statistical significance: *p 0.05, **p 0.005, and ***p 0.0005.
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    In vivo mCGP anti-tumor efficacy. a Overview schematic of the approach to combination PDT/tumor starvation achieved via mCGPs. b Tumor volumes and c changes in body weight 14 days following indicated treatments, *p 0.05. Arrows correspond to therapeutic administration. d Average tumor weight and e representative images following 14 days of indicated treatments. *p 0.05. f Immunofluorescent HIF-1a staining following PBS or mCGP treatment. g H&E stained tumor sections on day 14 in differently treated mice. Scale bar = 200 μm.
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    DOX-loaded CAuNCs mediate synergistic PTT and chemotherapy. a H22 tumor growth in mice following treatment with the indicated Au/DOX doses (10 and 15 mg kg-1) with or without irradiation (10 min; 808 nm; 1 W cm-2) once daily for 4 days (n=13). B Tumor weight after treatment (n=5). c Photos of tumors after treatment. d H&E stained tumor sections from mice treated as in a. Scale bar = 50 μm. e Kaplan-Meier survival curve for mice treated as in a (n=8). Data are means ± SD, *p 0.05, **p 0.01, ***p 0.001.

• Laser-Etched Stretchable Graphene-Polymer Composite Array for Sensitive Strain and Viscosity Sensors

  Yuting Jiang1, 4, ‡, Yang Wang1, ‡, Heting Wu1, 4, Yuanhao Wang2, *, Renyun Zhang3, Håkan Olin3, Ya Yang1, 4, 5, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 99
  First Online: 16 November 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0333-6

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    a Schematic diagram of the preparation of the composite with arrays. SEM images of b Ecoflex film, c Graphene/Ecoflex composite film, d SiO2/Ecoflex composite film, and e Graphene/ SiO2/Ecoflex composite film. The insets in b-e are the corresponding water contact angles
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    a Schematic diagram of the measurement device for water contact angles of the tested films at different strains. b-e Photographs of the laser etched Graphene/SiO2/Ecoflex composite films stretched by different strains. f-i Water contact angle-strain curves for the composites film with arrays of 15×5, 10×15, 15×15, and 15×10. The insets in f-i are the corresponding optical micrographs of the films
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    a-b SEM images of the arrays and interspace between on the film and the schematic diagrams of the composite film at initial state and stretching state, along with the corresponding water contact angles and optical photographs. c, d Cycle performance stability performance of the composite film with arrays of 10 × 15. e Photographs of the stretched water drop from the top view at different strains. f The distance-strain and area-strain curves of the composite film
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    a Photographs of the composite film subject to different angles created by a fixture. b Schematic diagram of the fixture in original and working states. c The bar graph of areas of the stretched water drop verse the applied angles at different positions marked as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. d Photographs of the water drop at different positions and different angles
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    a-c Photographs of the film with the stretched liquid drop of different viscosities. d Curves of contact angle-strain for different liquids. e Cycle performance of different liquids. f Viscosities of liquids used. g Grey relational degree of the film among the applied strains, the corresponding contact angles and viscosities

• Cell Nanomechanics Based on Dielectric Elastomer Actuator Device

  Zhichao Li1, #, Chao Gao1, #, Sisi Fan1, Jiang Zou3, 4, Guoying Gu3, 4, Mingdong Dong5, Jie Song1, 2, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 98
  First Online: 11 November 2019 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0331-8

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    The techniques for creating carbon-based compliant electrodes. a Shadow masking: Using a shadow mask to selectively spray the carbon material on target area, then removing the mask to get the final electrodes. b Stamping process: Using patterned elastomeric stamp to pick-up the carbon material and stamping it on the DEM. c Printing: the carbon-based materials can be made into conductive ink, then using printing technology to pattern electrodes. d Laser ablation: the thick PDMS-carbon composite layers can be patterned by laser ablation and bonded to PDMS membrane by oxygen plasma activation.
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    a The schematic picture of FCVA. A high voltage (600 V) impulsion initiates the main arc from the cathode, the filter helps to trap the macroparticles and the negatively substrate holder accelerates the positive ions through the plasma sheath. b The schematic of SCB progress. The Au NPs nanoparticles generated from the cluster source is accelerated by a carrier gas in a supersonic expansion, then focused by aerodynamic lense. The cluster beam can be injected into the deposition chamber and impacted on the surface of a thermo-retractable polystyrene (PS) sheet. c The product of FCVA. d TEM image of the product of SCB.
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    The working principle of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) and the classical DEAs for cellular mechanical stimulus. a The device consists of a soft dielectric elastomer sandwiched between compliant electrodes on both top and bottom sides, the actuator keeps static without voltage applied, and b motivated when the voltage is applied. Similarly, c for cellular mechanical-loading, the DEA keep the original state without HV applied, and d deforms under actuated then generates two regions as tensile strain area and compressive area
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    Example of characterizing DEA system via DIC. The white rectangle is region of interest (ROI) set. Strain distribution of both compressive and tensile mode can be obtained through DIC.
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    The schematic of DEA designed for single cells’ mechanical stretching. a, b The micro-actuator arrays are designed for single-cell, each intersection of vertical lines and horizontal lines forms an individual actuator, where cells can be stretched. c Top view of a small part (four micro-actuators contained) obtained by microscope, the membrane is pre-stretched along y-axis. The bright lines aligned vertically are the ion-implanted electrodes on the top side of PDMS membrane while the dark lines aligned horizontally are the bottom electrodes. d Micrograph of one actuator.
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    The DEA devices for cellular stimulations. Uniaxial compression was proposed by Alexandre et al. in 2014, which harnesses stress in passive region of the DEA and stimulates the cells on top of the region. In 2016, they fabricated the DEA for uniaxial stretching of cells, and LECs were used to test the device. Poulin et al. proposed the active cell culture substrate which can produce complex strain patterns with extremely high strain rates in 2018. In 2019, more advanced DEA-based bioreactor providing mechanoelectrical coupling stimulus is proposed.
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    a Schematic representation of the measure system proposed by Araromi et al. in 2015: The 24-well cell culture supports are equipped with integrated strain and force measurement sensors that are base on DEA. Besides, the electrical read-out allows for high throughput parallel measurement in real-time. b Optimizing of the DEA-based sensors. Parameters such as R, , A, and B are used to model the system.
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    Schematic of typical pneumatic, motor-driven and the DEA-based device. a Side view of classic pneumatic cell stretching devices. An air chamber is formed by combining the membrane, holder and loading post. Pumping air from the chamber can generate pressure difference that lead to absorption of membrane and stretch the cells. b Side view of motor-driven stretching devices. The membrane with seeded cells is matched with two holders, one is movable while the other is not. The movable holder connects with motor through driven components (gears, track, etc.). Once control signal input to the motor, generated motion drags the holder, causing stretching strain as consequence. c Side and top view of DEA-based cell stretcher. The DEA is sandwiched by biocompatible membrane, and then fixed byrigid frame
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    Real-time monitor system through DEA-devices. a Schematic of the whole system with DEA-based cellular stretcher and inverted microscope. The DEA is motivated and controlled by the high voltage source, a mini incubator is used to provide the standard environment for living cells (lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) used), the microscope is used to monitor the cells. b Imaging of lung cells A549 during stretching: The DNA and Mitochondria are stained as blue and green, respectively. Top picture shows displacement track of the intracellular content of A549 at 40× magnification, the arrows with different color and length refer to different degrees of displacements. Bottom picture shows the nucleus track of A549, =0.12 along the stretch orientation is measured through this method, and a line is found to fit the nuclei displacement perfectly.
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    Reorientation of the cells. a Cells (REF-52 fibroblast) with random orientations before stretch. b Reorientation after stretched. c The description of strain reference on a polarized cell.
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    Effect of membrane tension differences on cellular endocytosis. a Jaskplakinolide treatment increases pit lifetime and percentage of arrested pits of stretched cells. b Stretching regulates F-Dex uptake

• Electrochemical Fabrication of rGO-embedded Ag-TiO2 Nanoring/Nanotube Arrays for Plasmonic Solar Water Splitting

  Lixia Sang1, *, Lei Lei1, Clemens Burda2	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 97
  First Online: 07 November 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0329-2

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    a XRD patterns, b XPS full spectrum scanning, and c high-resolution XPS spectra of the Ag 3d peaks of TiO2-based composites
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    a TEM and b AFM images of the GO flakes with the thickness distribution shown in the inset. c Raman spectra of GO and rGO
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    a The I-t curves in the two-step anodic oxidation process and b U-t curves in pulse electrodeposition of TiO2 hierarchical structure
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    Top view SEM images of TiO2-based nanomaterials of a TiO2 R/T, b Ag-TiO2 R/T, c TiO2 R/T-rGO, d Ag-TiO2 R/T-rGO, e TiO2 R-rGO/T, f Ag-TiO2 R-rGO/T. The inset in a shows the TiO2 R/T cross-sectional views. g The mapping images of the Ag-TiO2 R/T-rGO
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    UV-Vis absorption spectra of TiO2-based composites
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    Scattering spectra with different excited wavelength of a TiO2 R/T, b Ag-TiO2 R/T, c TiO2 R/T-rGO, d Ag-TiO2 R/T-rGO, e TiO2 R-rGO/T, and f Ag-TiO2 R-rGO/T
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    a Kohn-Sham band structure, b density of states and c band structure of the majority/minority spin of graphene. The Fermi energy is set as zero and indicated by blue dashed line. d The absorption spectra under polarized light in the direction of (1, 0, 0) and unpolarized light
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    a Photocurrent responses in the light on-off process under illumination of AM 1.5, b Linear sweep voltammetry, c open-circuit photovoltage curves and d photocurrent responses in the light on-off process under illumination of visible light (λ > 400 nm) of TiO2-based nanomaterials
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    Photocatalytic H2 production. The hydrogen evolution rate was measured by using the TiO2 R/T and Ag-TiO2 R/T-rGO samples as photoanodes and Pt foil as cathode in a PEC cell containing a 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution under AM 1.5
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    a IMPS plots and b PL spectra with the excited wavelength at 260 nm of TiO2 R/T, Ag-TiO2 R/T, TiO2 R/T-rGO, and Ag-TiO2 R/T-rGO
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    Schematic illustration of the photoresponse and photogenerated charge transfer of Ag-TiO2 R/T-rGO under UV-Vis light irradiation

• Tuning Metallic Co0.85Se Quantum Dots/Carbon Hollow Polyhedrons with Tertiary Hierarchical Structure for High-Performance Potassium Ion Batteries

  Zhiwei Liu1, Kun Han1, Ping Li1, *, Wei (Alex) Wang2, *, Donglin He1, Qiwei Tan1, Leying Wang1, Yang Li3, Mingli Qin1, Xuanhui Qu1	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 96
  First Online: 01 November 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0326-5

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    Schematic illustration of the synthesis process for Co0.85Se-QDs/C composite
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    a SEM images of Co-based precursor. b, c SEM images and d, e TEM images of Co0.85Se-QDs/C-20. f High-resolution TEM image and SAED pattern of Co0.85Se-QDs/C-20. g STEM image of Co0.85Se-QDs/C-20 and h-j the corresponding elemental mappings of the C, Co, and Se elements
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    Structural characterizations of the as-synthesized Co0.85Se-QDs/C-20. a XRD pattern. b Raman pattern. c N2 adsorption isotherm and pore-size distribution. Peak deconvolutions of the XPS spectra: d C 1s, e Co 2p, f Se 3d
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    Electrochemical potassium storage performance of Co0.85Se-QDs/C composite. a The 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 10th, 50th, and 100th charge/discharge profiles of Co0.85Se-QDs/C-20 at 50 mA g-1 for KIBs (inset is the charge/discharge profiles of the first cycle). b Charge/discharge capacity and Coulombic efficiency of Co0.85Se-QDs/C-20 at 50 mA g-1. Comparison of c cycling stability and d rate performance under different current densities of the as-prepared Co0.85Se-QDs/C samples. e Long-term cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency at a high current density of 1 A g-1 over 500 cycles
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    Density functional theory (DFT) calculations. a The relationship between the formation energy and the number of K. b-f Schematic molecular structures of the formed compounds

• Correction to: Moth-eye Structured Polydimethylsiloxane Films for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells

  Full Text Html

  1 Correction to: Nano-Micro Lett  https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-019-0284-y
  In the original publication, the equal contribution information was not available in first page of the article.
  The correct information is provided in this correction.
  M.-c. Kim, S. Jang contributed equally to this work.

• High-Power and Ultralong-Life Aqueous Zinc-Ion Hybrid Capacitors Based on Pseudocapacitive Charge Storage

  Liubing Dong 1, †, Wang Yang 1, †, Wu Yang 1, Chengyin Wang 2, Yang Li 3, Chengjun Xu 4, *, Shuwei Wan 5, Fengrong He 5, Feiyu Kang 4, Guoxiu Wang 1, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 94
  First Online: 31 October 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0328-3

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    a SEM image, b TEM image (inset: SAED pattern), c XRD pattern, d TG curve, e Ru 3d, and f O1s XPS spectra of the RuO2·xH2O sample
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    Electrochemical properties of the RuO2·H2O||Zn systems: a CV curves; b GCD profiles; c rate performance (in comparison with previously reported cathode materials for Zn2+ storage); d Ragone plot
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    Electrochemical properties of the RuO2·H2O||Zn systems: a CV curves; b GCD profiles; c rate performance (in comparison with previously reported cathode materials for Zn2+ storage); d Ragone plot
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    Kinetic analysis of Zn2+ storage in the RuO2·H2O: a relationship curve of peak current vs. scan rate; b CV curves at low scan rates of 0.2-1 mV s-1; c capacitive contribution (orange region) to the total current at 20 mV s-1; d summary of the contribution ratios of capacitive capacity and diffusion-controlled capacity; e, f capacitive contribution analyzed through Trasatti’s method, in which q and v are charge stored and scan rate, respectively
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    a SEM image and b TG curve of the anhydrous RuO2 sample. Electrochemical behaviors of the anhydrous RuO2||Zn system with 2 M Zn(CF3SO3)2 aqueous electrolyte: c CV curve (in comparison with that of RuO2·H2O||Zn system) and d GCD profiles at 0.1-20 A g-1
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    a Cycling stability test at 20 A g-1 of the RuO2·H2O||Zn system. b Nyquist plots and c XRD patterns of the RuO2·H2O cathode before and after the cycling test

• Antiangiogenesis-Combined Photothermal Therapy in the Second Near-Infrared Window at Laser Powers below the Skin Tolerance Threshold

  Jian-Li Chen1, Han Zhang2, Xue-Qin Huang1, Hong-Ye Wan1, Jie Li1, Xing-Xing Fan1, Kathy Qian Luo3, Jinhua Wang4, Xiao-Ming Zhu1, *, Jianfang Wang2, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 93
  First Online: 31 October 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0327-4

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    (Au NBP)@TiO2 nanostructures. a TEM image. b Extinction spectra of the uncoated NBP and NBP@TiO2 nanostructures in aqueous solutions. c HAADF-STEM and elemental mapping images of a single NBP@TiO2. The rightmost image is the overlapped image of the Au, Ti, and O elemental maps. d Temperature rise curves of the NBP@TiO2 nanostructures (2 mL, 120 μg mL–1) acquired under 1064-nm laser irradiation at different optical powers for 20 min. e Variation of the reached plateau temperature with the laser power. f Temperature decay curve. The data points (red circles) were measured during the cooling process after the NBP/TiO2 nanostructure solution (2 mL, 120 μg mL–1) was irradiated with a 1064-nm laser at 1.0 W for 20 min. The blue line was obtained from fitting
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    NBP@TiO2 nanostructures for CA4P loading. a Molecular structure of CA4P. b LC-MS chromatograms of CA4P for the initial CA4P solution and the supernatant solution after drug loading. c Desorption of CA4P in phosphate solutions and H2O after 12-h incubation. d pH- and time-dependent CA4P release profiles for the CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO2 nanostructures. The CA4P-loaded NBP/TiO2 nanostructures (120 μg Au) were dispersed in phosphate solutions (2 and 12 mM PO43–, 1 mL), citrate buffer (20 mM, pH 4.5, 1 mL) or H2O (1 mL) and incubated at 37 ℃. The CA4P release percentage was calculated by measuring the drug concentration in the supernatant. The shown data represent the mean ± S.E.M.. ***P < 0.001
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    PTT in A549 cells. a Effect of the NBP@TiO2 nanostructures at different concentrations on the viability of A549 cells. b Cell viabilities of A549 cells upon PTT at different optical power densities. c Calcein AM staining of the cells treated by PTT at different optical power densities as in b. A549 cells were incubated with the NBP@TiO2 nanostructures (100 μg-Au mL‒1) for 24 h, followed by 1064-nm laser irradiation at 0.4‒0.9 W cm‒2 for 5 min. The live cells were stained with green fluorescence by calcein AM. d Synergistic enhancement of the cytotoxicity of the CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO2 nanostructures by combined chemo-therapy and PTT. e Calcein AM staining of the A549 cells after the different therapy treatments as in d. A549 cells were treated with the CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO2 nanostructures (15 nM CA4P, 100 μg-Au mL‒1) or together with 1064-nm laser irradiation at 0.7 W cm‒2 for 5 min. The data shown represent the mean ± S.E.M.. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
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    PTT-enhanced cytotoxic effect of the CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO2 nanostructures in HUVECs. a MTT assay. b Calcein AM staining. The HUVECs were treated with the CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO2 nanostructures (7 nM CA4P, 12 μg-Au mL–1) for 24 h, and then exposed to 1064-nm laser irradiation at 1.8 W cm–2 for 3 min. The assay and staining were performed after further incubation for 24 h. The shown data represent the mean ± S.E.M.. ***P < 0.001. c Synergistic disruption of tubulin in the HUVECs by the combined therapy. Immunofluorescent staining with β-tubulin (red) was performed on the HUVECs treated with the CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO2 nanostructures (3 nM CA4P, 12 μg-Au mL–1) in conjunction with 1064-nm laser irradiation (1.3 W cm–2, 3 min). The nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 (blue). In the control group, the tubulin shows a filamentous morphology. CA4P treatment induces a disordered change of tubulin and rounding of the cell morphology. The combined treatment further disrupts tubulin distribution and cell morphology (indicated by the white arrow)
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    Inhibition of the endothelial tube formation by the combined chemo-photothermal therapy using the CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO2 nanostructures. a Effect of PTT at different laser power densities (1.8–2.5 W cm–2) on the HUVEC tube formation. b Relative tube areas estimated from a. c Relative tube lengths estimated from a. d PTT-enhanced antiangiogenesis of the CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO2 nanostructures. e Relative tube areas estimated from d. f Relative tube lengths estimated from d. The HUVECs were seeded in a 48-well plate that was pre-coated with Matrigel and then treated with the NBP@TiO2 nanostructures (12 μg-Au mL–1) or the CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO2 nanostructures (7 nM CA4P, 12 μg-Au mL–1), followed by 1064-nm laser irradiation for 3 min. The tubular structures were visualized with calcein AM staining, and the relative tube areas and lengths were calculated. The as-shown results are the means ± S.E.M.. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
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    In vivo PTT. a Infrared thermal images of the A549-bearing mice. b Tumor temperature change curves extracted from a. The A549-bearing mice intratumorally injected with the NBP@TiO2 nanostructures were subjected under 1064-nm laser irradiation at 0.4 or 0.8 W cm–2 for 5 min. The mice without the administration of the NBP@TiO2 nanostructures were subjected to the laser irradiation as control. The as-shown results are the means ± S.E.M.. c Photographs of the tumor captured at 48 h after PPT at 0.4 or 0.8 W cm–2.
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    In vivo antitumor effect. a Typical three-dimensional reconstructed CT image of an A549 tumor-bearing mouse after intratumoral injection with the NBP@TiO2 nanostructures. The arrow head points to the tumor site. b Tumor growth in the different groups at different time points. For the laser irradiation treatment groups, the mice were intratumorally injected with the NBP@TiO2 (25 mg-Au kg–1) or the CA4P-loaded NBP@TiO2 nanostructures (25 mg-Au kg–1, 2 mg CA4P kg–1). At 24 h after the injection, the mice were subjected to 1064-nm laser irradiation (0.4 W cm–2, 5 min). The as-shown results are the means ± S.E.M.. ***P < 0.001, n = 6. c Immunofluorescence images. The immunofluorescence staining of the tumor sections was performed to image the tumor micro-vessel density with anti-CD31 (green) and to evaluate cell proliferation with anti-Ki67 (red) at the tumor center. The nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 (blue)

• Direct Patterning of Carbon Nanotube via Stamp Contact Printing Process for Stretchable and Sensitive Sensing devices

  Binghao Liang1, Zian Zhang1, Wenjun Chen1, Dongwei Lu1, Leilei Yang1, Rongliang Yang1, Hai Zhu2, Zikang Tang3, Xuchun Gui1, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 92
  First Online: 23 October 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0323-8

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    Schematic of the fabricating process and as-prepared samples of CNT films by stamp method. a Schematic illustration of the fabricating process. b Photograph of the CNT seal and stone seal. c Photograph of the CNT block. d SEM image of CNT block. e SEM image of the CNT film on Ecoflex substrate. f Transferred CNT film with an “S” pattern
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    Characterization of the electrical properties of CNT films. The sheet resistance of the transferred CNT films a at different stamp pressure, b at different stamp number of times. c The change of sheet resistance of the CNT film after ultrasonic washing at different time. Electric stability of CNT film d during 1,000 cycles stretching under strain of 50%, e during 1,000 cycles under bending (180 degrees), f during 1,000 cycles twisting (90 degrees)
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    Sensing properties of CNT-based strain sensors. a Relative resistance response of CNT-based strain sensors versus applied strain. b Gauge factor of CNT-based strain sensors versus applied strain. c Relative resistance change verse applied strain over 5,000 cycles. d Relative resistance change verse applied strain with increasing maximum strain from 10% to 70%. e Hysteresis curves of the stretch/release cycles under different maximum applied strain. f Comparison on gauge factor (GF) and maximum strain between our strain sensors and the recently reported strain sensors, which constructed by different conductive materials, including MXene [50], Silk fiber [17], Cu Nanowires (NWs) mesh [47], Au NWs [46], Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) [9], SWCNT/hydrogel [45], graphene woven microfabrics [49], graphene-gold mesh [48], Ag Nanoparticles (NPs)/Ag NWs [51], and PEDOT:PSS [52]
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    Transferred CNT films with different patterns and their electromechanical properties. a Optical camera images of wavy CNT strip with different wavenumbers. b Transferred CNT film with different mesh structures. c The different pattern of CNT network including an interdigital electrode, characters and strips with different line width. d The resistance of CNT strips with different line width. e Electromechanical properties of the strain sensor with different wave number pattern. f Electromechanical properties of the strain sensor with different direction mesh pattern
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    Several applications of CNT-based strain sensor. a Resistance response of finger motion. b Resistance response of wrist motion. c Monitoring the movement of a robot knee. d The pulse signal of a volunteer. e Detection of human breath though a mask. f Resistance response of tiny change of air pressure. g Monitoring the human voice with the word “Carbon”. h Monitoring the human voice with the word “Nanotube”. i Monitoring the human voice with the word “Graphene”

Volume 10, Issue 4 (2018)

• Mesoporous SiO2 Nanoparticles: A Unique Platform Enabling Sensitive Detection of Rare Earth Ions with Smartphone Camera

  Xinyan Dai1, †, Kowsalya D. Rasamani1, †, Feng Hu1, Yugang Sun1,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 55
  First Online: 06 May 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0208-2

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    Schematic illustration of the major steps of the protocol for sensitive detection of Eu3+ ions from diluted solutions relying on the synergy of “concentration effect” and “antenna effect”
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    a TEM image and b size distribution histogram of the synthesized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs)
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    EDX elemental mapping images of a overlaid Si, O and Eu elements, b Si, c O, and d Eu for SiO2/Eu(III)/phen nanoparticles. The scale bars represent 250 nm. The red circles in (b-d) highlight the same nanoparticle.
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    a A digital photo of various solution samples under an UV lamp with a wavelength of 302 nm. Each sample represents 400 uL ethanolic solution (or dispersion) of the corresponding nanoparticles confined in PDMS pockets. The samples in the top row are 1 mM EuCl3 solution and SiO2/Eu (III) nanoparticle dispersion with Eu3+ ions adsorbed from 1 mM EuCl3 solution. The bottom row shows the SiO2/Eu(III)/phen nanoparticle dispersions Eu3+ ions adsorbed from EuCl3 solutions with concentrations from 100 nM to 1 mM (from left to right). b Quantized red emission intensities of various samples shown in a

• Bi Nanoparticles Anchored in N-Doped Porous Carbon as Anode of High Energy Density Lithium Ion Battery

  Yaotang Zhong1, Bin Li1, Shumin Li1, Shuyuan Xu1, Zhenghui Pan1, Qiming Huang1, 2, Lidan Xing1, 2, Chunsheng Wang3,*, Weishan Li1, 2,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 56
  First Online: 10 May 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0209-1

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    Lithium storage performances of various metals in comparison to graphite
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    Schematic illustration of the formation process of Bi@NC
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    a XRD pattern, b FTIR spectrum, and c, d SEM images of ZIF-8 precursors
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    a XRD pattern, b SEM, c TEM, and d HRTEM and SAED images of Zn@NC
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    a XRD pattern, b SEM, c TEM, HRTEM, and d SAED images of Bi@NC
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    a Cyclic voltammograms and b charge-discharge curves of Bi@NC; comparisons of c cyclic stability, d coulombic efficiency, and e rate capabilities of Bi@NC, Bi@C, and bare Bi
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    CV characteristics of a Bi@NC, b Bi@C and c bare Biat scanning rates ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 mV s-1. d Linear relations of anodic peak currents (ip) vs. the square roots of scanning rate (υ)
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    XRD patterns revealing a structural and chemical evolution and b corresponding mechanism of the Bi@NC electrode

• Hybrid Field-Effect Transistors and Photodetectors Based on Organic Semiconductor and CsPbI3 Perovskite Nanorods Bilayer Structure

  Yantao Chen2, Xiaohan Wu2, Yingli Chu2, Jiachen Zhou2, Bilei Zhou2, Jia Huang1, 2, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 57
  First Online: 28 May 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0210-8

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    a TEM image, b HRTEM image, and c XRD patterns of CsPbI3 nanorods. d AFM image of the CsPbI3 nanorod film. The inset image presents a height profile of the film surface. e UV–Vis absorption spectra of CsPbI3 nanorods, C8BTBT, and C8BTBT/CsPbI3 nanorod films. f Energy level diagrams of C8BTBT and CsPbI3 nanorods
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    a Schematic diagram of the C8BTBT/CsPbI3 nanorod based phototransistor. ID–VD transistor characteristics of the hybrid phototransistor under a fixed illumination power intensity: b in the dark state and c under a white-light illumination of 10 mW cm-2. d Transfer characteristics (VD = -30 V) under different illumination power densities. e Photocurrent as a function of the illumination power density for different gate voltages
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    a Shift of the threshold voltage of the hybrid phototransistor as a function of the illumination power density. b Schematic of the photo generated carrier transport in the hybrid phototransistor under illumination
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    a Responsivity of the hybrid phototransistor as a function of the gate voltage for different illumination power densities. b Illumination power density dependence of the responsivity at VG = -60 V, VD = -30 V. c Iphoto/Idark ratio as a function of the gate voltage for different illumination power densities. d Illumination-power-density dependence of the Iphoto/Idark ratio at VG = -60 V, VD = -30 V. e Photo-switching characteristics of the hybrid phototransistor under an alternating dark and light illumination (0.5 mW cm-2) at VG = -30 V, VD = -30 V. f Transfer curves of the fresh hybrid phototransistor and device stored at an atmospheric environment (average temperature of 0 °C and average relative humidity of 50%) for one month

• Controllable Vapor Growth of Large-Area Aligned CdSxSe1-x Nanowires for Visible Range Integratable Photodetectors

  Muhammad Shoaib1, Xiaoxia Wang1, Xuehong Zhang1, Qinglin Zhang1, Anlian Pan1,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 58
  First Online: 03 June 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0211-7

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    Growth schematic for the in-plane directional CdSxSe1−x NWs. a M-plane sapphire substrate surface before annealing. b M-plane substrate surface with V-shape grooves after high temperature annealing. c-d VLS growth of NWS along the pre-defined Au catalyst patterns
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    Morphology characterization of the directional CdSxSe1-x NWs. a SEM images of the as-grown CdSxSe1-x NWs along the pre-defined photolithography line-patterned Au catalyst. b High-magnification SEM images of the as-grown samples, showing strong horizontal alignment of the NWs along the substrate. c SEM images of the CdSxSe1-x NWs grown along the pre-defined catalytic nanoparticles by EBL. d AFM images of the directional CdSxSe1-x NWs, inset shows the size profile of the NW of the dashed line marked position in d.
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    Optical properties of the in-plane directional CdSxSe1-x NWs. a Tunable PL spectra of the as-grown CdSxSe1-x NWs with the emission wavelength shifts from 510 nm (pure CdS) to 710 nm (pure CdSe). b Composition-dependent bandgap energy and the corresponding emission wavelength of the as-grown CdSxSe1-x NWs. c The schematic diagram of the CdSxSe1-x NW waveguide and the corresponding real-color images of single CdS, CdS0.8Se0.2, CdS0.24Se0.76, and CdSe NWs, respectively
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    I-V curves of the in-plane directional CdSxSe1-x NWs. a Schematic diagram of the typical PD. b-e Representative I-V characteristics of the as-grown CdSxSe1-x (x = 1, 0.8. 0.24, 0) directional NW PDs under dark and light illumination with different power intensities (laser wavelength: 405 nm) at room temperature; Insets show the corresponding SEM images of the as-fabricated PDs. f Light intensity dependent photocurrent values for the CdSxSe1-x NW PDs
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    Photodetection properties of the directional CdSxSe1-x NWs. a The responsivity of the CdSxSe1-x nanowire PDs. b Plot of quantum efficiency of the CdSxSe1-x PDs. c Time-resolved response of the device under light intensity 49.03 mW cm-2 at a voltage of 1 V. d On/off photocurrent response and corresponding enlarged portions of the rise in response and reset process of CdS0.8Se0.2 nanowires under excitation of 405 nm with a power intensity of 9.69 mW cm-2

• Highly Reversible Li–Se Batteries with Ultra-Lightweight N,S-Codoped Graphene Blocking Layer

  Xingxing Gu1,*, Lingbao Xin2, Yang Li3, Fan Dong1, Min Fu1, Yanglong Hou4,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 59
  First Online: 13 June 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0213-5

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    N,S-G membrane as an interlayer for trapping polyselenides
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    a XRD patterns of GO and N,S-G; b Raman spectra of GO and N,S-G
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    a XPS spectrum of N,S-G and high-resolution b C 1s, c N 1s, and d S 2p spectra
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    TEM images of a GO, b N,S-G; SEM images of N,S-G membrane in c top view and d side view and e the free-standing N,S-G membrane
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    CV curves of the first three cycles for Li–Se batteries a with and b without N,S-G interlayer at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s−1; galvanostatic charge/discharge voltage profiles of Li–Se batteries c with and d without N,S-G interlayer at 1 C between 1.5 and 3.0 V
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    a Rate performance of Li–Se cells with and without N,S-G interlayer; b long-term cycling performance of Li–Se cells with and without N,S-G interlayer
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    a Digital photographs of polyselenide adsorption by N,S-G interlayers; high-resolution b Se 3d and c S 2p XPS spectra of N,S-G interlayer after 500 discharge cycles
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    Z as a function of ω−1/2 in the low-frequency region

• Enhanced Performance of a Monolayer MoS2/WSe2 Het-erojunction as a Photoelectrochemical Cathode

  Jingwei Xiao1, Yu Zhang1, *, Huanjun Chen1, Ningsheng Xu1, Shaozhi Deng1	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 60
  First Online: 13 June 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0212-6

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    Schematic of a the MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction and b PEC device and measurement
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    a Optical image of monolayer MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction (dashed in white triangle). The white dots marked in the optical image are the spots where the spectra are accumulated (scale bar is 30 m). b AFM scanning showing thickness of surface of MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction and line scan profile (scale bar is 4 m). c, d Raman intensity map of the WSe2 E2g1 mode (green) and MoS2 E2g1 mode (red) in heterostructure, corresponding to black dashed square area in Fig. 2a (scale bar is 5 m). e, f Raman and PL spectra of monolayer MoS2 (black line), WSe2 (green line) and MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction (red line)
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    a PEC current density vs. voltage (J-V) curves of MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction (red), monolayer WSe2 (green), and monolayer MoS2 (black) under the same white light illumination condi-tions. b Current response curves for the three samples under 1 V external bias with illumina-tion an interval of 10 s. c PEC currents of monolayer MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction (red dots) and WSe2 (green dots) at different wavelengths. d IPCE of MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction (red dots line) and WSe2 (green dots line)
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    Absorption spectra of MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction (red curve), monolayer WSe2 (green curve) and monolayer MoS2 (black curve)
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    a Energy band position of monolayer MoS2 and WSe2 compared with redox potentials for water splitting. b MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction formed a type II band alignment. When illumi-nated, photo-generated electrons are transferred from valence band to conduction band and the built-in electric field helps to separate excitons

• Visualizing Photodynamic Therapy in Transgenic Zebrafish Using Organic Nanoparticles with Aggregation-Induced Emission

  Purnima Naresh Manghnani1, Wenbo Wu1, Shidang Xu1, Fang Hu1, Cathleen Teh2, Bin Liu1, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 61
  First Online: 26 January 2018 (Communication)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0214-4

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    Nanoprecipitation of AIE photosensitizer PPDCT with DSPE-mPEG2000
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    a UV-Visible absorption (solid line) and photoluminescence (PL, dashed line) spectra of PPDCT-DSPE-mPEG NPs.b Number size distribution of PPDCT-DSPE-mPEG NPs. c TEM image of PPDCT-DSPE-mPEG NPs. d Absorbance decay of 64 µM ABDA in the presence of PPDCT NPs over 10 min of 0.15 W cm-2 white light
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    a Confocal image of HepG2 cells incubated with PPDCT NPs. b Cellular internalization of PPDCT NPs confirmed using flow cytometry. c MTT viability assay of HepG2 cells treated with PPDCT NPs and 0.15 W cm-2 white light (WL 0, 45, and 90 J cm-2). d Whole zebrafish embryo soaking viability for treatment with different PPDCT NP concentrations
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    a Confocal image of fli:EGFP zebrafish larva injected intravenously with 0.8 mg mL-1 PPDCT NPs. b Uptake and breakdown of NPs over time span of 96 h in the liver and caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT) of fli:EGFP zebrafish liver. c Confocal image of EGFP:krasV12 zebrafish larva injected intravenously with 0.8 mg mL-1 PPDCT NPs. d Uptake and breakdown of NPs over time span of 96 h in the liver and CHT of EGFP:krasV12zebrafish liver. Confocal λex = 488 nm, Green fluorescent protein λem = 509 nm, PPDCT λem = 660 nm
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    Change in liver tumor volume for control group: a without injection or illumination (-/-), and b with injection and without illumination (-/+)c without injection and with illumination (+/-). Change in liver tumor volume for group injected with NPs on 7 dpf and treated: d with 135 J cm-2 of illumination 9 dpf, and e with 270 J cm-2 of illumination of 9 dpf. f Graph depicting the percentage of tumor volume change on 10 dpf relative to the volume on 9 dpf before light treatment for all 5 groups, n = 14; Confocal λex = 488 nm, Green fluorescent protein λem = 509 nm, PPDCT λem = 660 nm
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    Changes in normalized tumor volume of larvae subjected to different days of light illumination; 0 dpi depicts 7 dpf larvae immediately after intravenous injection. 0 Day Therapy (0 DT) refers to WL illumination on 0 dpi. n= 7

• MoS2 Nanosheets Arrays Rooted on Hollow rGO Spheres as Bifunctional Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst and Supercapacitor Electrode

  Shizheng Zheng1, Lijun Zheng1, Zhengyou Zhu1, Jian Chen1, Jianli Kang2, Zhulin Huang3, Dachi Yang1,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 62
  First Online: 18 June 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0215-3

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    Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of h-rGO@MoS2
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    The SEM and TEM images of a the SiO2 sphere templates, b SiO2@GO, and c SiO2@GO@MoS2. d SEM images of the h-rGO@MoS2 spheres. e EDS elemental mapping results of the h-rGO@MoS2 spheres. C arises from rGO, Mo and S arises from MoS2. f TEM image of h-rGO@MoS2, and g the HRTEM image of the white area in (f) showing several sheets of MoS2
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    a XRD spectra of h-rGO, pristine MoS2, and h-rGO@MoS2. b N2 adsorption–desorption curves of h-rGO, pristine MoS2, and h-rGO@MoS2. The corresponding specific surface areas are given in the top left corner. c Raman spectra of pristine MoS2 and h-rGO@MoS2 measured with 532 nm excitation. d Survey spectra of pristine MoS2 and h-rGO@MoS2. e, f The high-resolution Mo 3d and S 2p XPS spectra of pristine MoS2 and h-rGO@MoS2
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    a Polarization curves of bare GC, h-rGO, pristine MoS2, h-rGO@MoS2, and commercial 20% Pt/C in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte at 5 mV s−1, and b the corresponding Tafel plots of electrocatalysts in (a). c EIS plots of pristine MoS2 and h-rGO@MoS2 from 10-2 to 105 Hz. d The electrochemical double-layer capacitances of h-rGO@MoS2 ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 V at various scan rates (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mV s-1) in 0.5 M H2SO4. e The capacitive current at 0.20 V as a function of scan rate for pristine MoS2 and h-rGO@MoS2 in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. f Polarization curves of the h-rGO@MoS2 electrocatalysts initially and after 1000 and 2000 cycles in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte
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    a CV curves of h-rGO@MoS2 electrode at various sweep rates (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 mV s-1) in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte. b Galvanostatic curves of h-rGO@MoS2 at various current densities (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 A g-1). c Capacitance retention property of h-rGO@MoS2 and MoS2 at sweep rates from 5 to 200 mV s-1. d Cycle stability and capacitance retention of the h-rGO@MoS2 electrode tested at a scan rate of 100 mV s-1; the inset shows the CV curves for the 1st, 500th, 1000th, 2000th, and 3000th cycles

• A Novel Hierarchical Porous 3D Structured Vanadium Nitride/Carbon Membranes for High-performance Supercapacitor Negative Electrodes

  Yage Wu1, Yunlong Yang1, Xiaoning Zhao1, Yongtao Tan1, Ying Liu1, Zhen Wang1, Fen Ran1, 2, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 63
  First Online: 28 June 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0217-1

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    Schematic representation of the fabrication strategy for the VN/C (I)
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    SEM images of the VN/C (I): a-c cross-sectional views and d surface view. e, f TEM images of the VN/C (I). g, h N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution of the VN/C (I)
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    a HRTEM image, b XRD pattern, c selected-area electron diffraction, and d TEM elemental mapping images of the VN/C (I)
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    X-ray photoelectron spectra of the VN/C (I)
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    a CV, b GCD, c EIS curves, and d the specific capacitances of the VN/C (I) and VN/C (II) at different current densities (scan rate=10 mV s-1 in 6.0 M KOH aqueous solution)
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    a CV, b GCD, c EIS curves, and d cycling performance at 2.0 A g-1 of the VN/C (I)
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    The electrochemical performance of the prepared hybrid device in 6.0 M KOH: a CV, b GCD, c EIS curves, and d specific capacitances of the device at different current densities. e Ragone plots compared with previously reported VN/C-based supercapacitors. f Cycling performance of VN/C (I) at 1.0 A g-1

• Metal-Organic Framework-Based Sensors for Environmental Contaminant Sensing

  Xian Fang1, 2, †, Boyang Zong1, 2, †, Shun Mao1, 2, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 64
  First Online: 24 June 2018 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0218-0

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    a Working principle of NH2-MIL-53-based sensor for ClO- sensing. b Fluorescence emission spectra of NH2-MIL-53(Al)-based sensor toward various concentrations of ClO-: 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.8, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20 μM from top to bottom. Inset shows corresponding photos of NH2-MIL-53(Al) nanoplates in absence (left) and presence of 10 μM (middle) and 20 μM (right) ClO- under 365 nm UV light. Reprinted with permission from [57]. Copyright (2016) American Chemical Society
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    Sensing mechanism of Hg2+-responsive disassembly of Ru-MOFs and release of guest material of Ru(bpy)32+. Reprinted with permission from [60]. Copyright (2015) American Chemical Society
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    a Post-synthetic modification of UiO-bpy with Eu3+. b Emission profiles and c bar diagram depicting relative intensity ratios (IL/IEu), after addition of VOCs. d Two-dimensional map displaying relative emission intensities and quantum yields of various VOC encapsulated phases. Reprinted with permission from [63]. Copyright (2016) Royal Society of Chemistry
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    a Schematic of sensing strategy. b Amperometric i-t curves of different nanomaterials: (1) Fe-MOFs, (2) Fe-MOFs/AuNPs, (3) Fe-MOFs/PtNPs, (4) Fe-MOFs/PdNPs, and (5) Fe-MOFs/PdPt NPs. c CV characterization of electrodes at various stages of modification: (1) bare GCE, (2) rGO-TEPA-Au/GCE, (3) streptavidin/rGO-TEPA-Au/GCE, (4) substrate strand/streptavidin/rGO-TEPA-Au/GCE, (5) BSA/substrate strand/streptavidin/rGO-TEPA-Au/GCE, (6) catalytic strand/BSA/substrate strand/streptavidin/rGO-TEPA-Au/GCE, and (7) Pb2+/catalytic strand/BSA/substrate strand/streptavidin/rGO-TEPA-Au/GCE. Reprinted with permission from [76]. Copyright (2018) Elsevier
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    Schematic and detection strategy of electrochemical sensor based on MOF Cu3(BTC)2 and CS/rGO for DBIs detection. Reprinted with permission from [80]. Copyright (2016) American Chemical Society
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    a Schematic of MOF-based SERS platform and b SERS spectra of Rhodamine 6G on Au NP/MIL-101 substrate (blue lines), Au colloids substrate (red line), and MIL-101 (black line). Reprinted with permission from [89]. Copyright (2014) American Chemical Society
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    a Schematic illustration of FET sensor with source and drain electrodes, channel material, gate oxide, and gate electrode. b Sensor current change after gas adsorption and desorption. Reprinted with permission from [97]. Copyright (2017) Royal Society of Chemistry
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    a Schematic of acetone sensing mechanism with Pd-ZnO/ZnCo2O4 hollow spheres. b Temperature-dependent acetone sensing characteristics to 5 ppm in temperature range of 150–300 ºC. c Dynamic acetone sensing responses in concentration range of 0.4–5 ppm at 250 ºC of ZnCo2O4 powders, ZnCo2O4 hollow spheres, ZnO/ZnCo2O4 hollow spheres, and Pd-ZnO/ZnCo2O4 hollow spheres. d Selective acetone detection characteristics of Pd-ZnO/ZnCo2O4 hollow spheres. e Dynamic resistance transition properties of samples toward 5 ppm acetone at 250 ºC. Reprinted with permission from [103]. Copyright (2017) Macmillan Publishers Limited
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    a Schematic illustration of anisotropic synthesis of Au@ZnO@ZIF-8. b Dynamic response of Au@ZnO@ZIF-8 to HCHO with concentrations from 0.25 to 100 ppm. c Plots of sensor responses to HCHO concentration of three samples: (I) pristine Au@ZnO, (II) synthetic Au@ZnO@ZIF-8, and (III) completed Au@ZnO@ZIF-8. Inset shows TEM images of samples. Reprinted with permission from [104]. Copyright (2017) Springer
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    a Preparation of ZnO@ZIF-8 core-shell nanorod films. b Temperature-dependent response curves of ZnO nanorod and ZnO@ZIF-8 sensors to 50 ppm H2. c, d Dynamic response curves of two sensors to different H2 concentrations at 250 ℃. e Concentration-dependent H2 response curves of two sensors at 250 ℃. Reprinted with permission from [110]. Copyright (2017) John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

• In Vivo Tumor-Targeted Dual-Modality PET/Optical Imaging with a Yolk/Shell Structured Silica Nanosystem

  Sixiang Shi1, #, Feng Chen2, #, Shreya Goel1, Stephen A. Graves3, Haiming Luo2, Charles P. Theuer4, Jonathan W. Engle3, Weibo Cai1, 2, 3, 5, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 65
  First Online: 14 June 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0216-2

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    A schematic illustration of the synthesis and functionalization of QD@HMSN yolk/shell structured silica nanosystem
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    a The schemes and TEM images of QD@dSiO2@MSN and QD@HMSN NPs. b The scheme and flow cytometry analysis of QD@HMSN yolk/shell structured silica nanosystem in HUVECs (CD105 positive)
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    Serial coronal PET images of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice at different time points post-injection of 64Cu-NOTA-QD@HMSN-PEG-TRC105 (targeted group), 64Cu-NOTA-QD@HMSN-PEG (non-targeted group), or 64Cu-NOTA-QD@HMSN-PEG-TRC105 after a pre-injected blocking dose of TRC105 (blocking group). Tumors are indicated by arrowheads
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    a-c Time-activity curves of the liver, 4T1 tumor, blood, and muscle upon intravenous injection of 64Cu-NOTA-QD@HMSN-PEG-TRC105 (targeted group), 64Cu-NOTA-QD@HMSN-PEG (non-targeted group), or 64Cu-NOTA-QD@HMSN-PEG-TRC105 after a pre-injected blocking dose of TRC105 (blocking group). d Comparison of the 4T1 tumor uptake in the three groups. e Biodistribution studies in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice at 24 h post-injection of the three groups of NPs. All data represent 4 mice per group (*P< 0.05)
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    a A schematic illustration of DOX loading in QD@HMSN yolk/shell structured silica nanosystem. b The drug release rates of QD@HMSN NPs at pH 7.4 and pH 5.0 at different incubation time points. c Fluorescence imaging of QD705 (Ex: 605, Em: 700 nm) and DOX (Ex: 500, Em: 580 nm) from both NOTA-QD@HMSN(DOX)-PEG-TRC105 (targeted group) and NOTA-QD@HMSN(DOX)-PEG (non-targeted group) in 4T1 tumor and other organs
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    Histological analysis of various tissue slices for CD31 (red, with anti-mouse CD31 primary antibody) and NPs (green, FITC-conjugated QD@HMSN NPs) from both FITC-NOTA-QD@HMSN-PEG-TRC105 (targeted group) and FITC-NOTA-QD@HMSN-PEG (non-targeted group). Scale bar: 100 μm

• Recent Progress on Two-Dimensional Nanoflake Ensembles for Energy Storage Applications

  Huicong Xia1, Qun Xu1, Jianan Zhang1, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 66
  First Online: 28 July 2018 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0219-z

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    Schematic illustration of 3D architecture-based 2D nanoflake ensembles
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    3D architectures based on 2D carbon nanoflake ensembles for supercapacitors. a Overall fabrication of 3D carbon superstructures. b SEM images of carbon materials with various hierarchical structures, derived from polyimide. c Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves at various current densities, and d cycling performance at a current density of 10 A g−1, indicating excellent cycling stability of N-doped porous carbons. Reproduced with permission [56]. Copyright ©2016, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    3D architectures based on 2D MnO2 nanoflake ensembles for supercapacitors. a Schematic illustration of the process for synthesis of MnO2@ ordered mesoporous carbon nanorods. b SEM and c TEM images of MnO2@ ordered mesoporous carbon nanorods. d Charge/discharge curves of asymmetric supercapacitor device at different current densities. e Capacitance retention as a function of cycle number at a current density of 2 A g−1. f Ragone plots of the present asymmetric supercapacitor devices and other reported MnO2-based asymmetric supercapacitor devices. Reproduced with permission [69]. Copyright ©2016, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    3D architectures based on 2D transition metal nanoflakes and 3D skeleton ensembles for supercapacitors. a Schematic illustration of morphological evolution from Mn3O4 nanowall arrays to Na0.5MnO2 nanowall arrays through electrochemical oxidation. b FESEM images of Na0.5MnO2 nanowall arrays. c Ragone plots for Na0.5MnO2//Fe3O4@C ASC and asymmetric supercapacitors reported in the literature. d Charge/discharge curves for Na0.5MnO2//Fe3O4@C asymmetric supercapacitors between 0 and 2.6 V at different current densities. Reproduced with permission [70]. Copyright ©2017, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. e SEM images showing the surface morphologies of nickel foam@rGO/Ag/Ni3S2 composite. Reproduced with permission [71]. Copyright ©2017, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. f Specific capacitance of MnMoO4·H2O@MnO2-1, MnMoO4·H2O@MnO2-3, and MnMoO4·H2O@MnO2-6 electrodes as a function of current density. g Corresponding cycling test at the same current density of 5 A g−1. Reproduced with permission [72]. Copyright ©2016, Elsevier
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    3D architectures based on 2D transition metal nanoflake self-assemblies for LIBs. SEM images of 3D hierarchical MoS2/PANI (a, b) and MoS2/C (d, e) nanoflowers. Photographs of two types of Chinese roses (c, f). g Cycling performance and coulombic efficiency of 3D hierarchical MoS2/PANI and MoS2/C nanoflowers measured in the voltage range of 0.005−3.0 V at a current density of 100 mA g−1. h Rate capability of 3D hierarchical MoS2/PANI and MoS2/C nanoflowers between 0.005 and 3 V at different current densities. Reproduced with permission [89]. Copyright ©2014, American Chemical Society
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    3D architectures based on 2D MoSe2 nanoflakes on 1D SWCNT skeleton for LIBs. a SEM image and b TEM image of the hybrids, revealing MoSe2 nanoflakes anchored intimately on the surface of a SWCNT bundle. c Corresponding HRTEM image showing enlarged interlayer distance of 10.0 Å. d Rate performance of 1T-MoSe2/SWCNTs hybrids. e Schematic illustration showing the electrochemical process in 1T-MoSe2/SWCNT electrode. Reproduced with permission [100]. Copyright ©2017, American Chemical Society
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    3D architectures based on 1D TiO2 nanotubes@carbon layer@2D MoS2 nanoflakes for LIBs. a SEM and b TEM images of annealed TiO2@NC@MoS2 nanotubes. c HRTEM image of MoS2 nanoflakes. d Rate performance at various current densities. e Cycling performance of TiO2@NC@MoS2, NC@MoS2, MoS2, and TiO2@NC at a current density of 1.0 A g−1 and the corresponding coulombic efficiency of TiO2@NC@MoS2. Reproduced with permission [102]. Copyright ©2017, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    3D architectures based on 2D Fe3O4/MoS2 nanoflakes for LIBs. a SEM and b TEM image of 3D hierarchical dual Fe3O4/MoS2 nanoflakes. c HRTEM image of the MoS2 nanoflakes in 3D hierarchical dual Fe3O4/MoS2 nanoflakes. d Rate performance of MoS2 nanoflakes, 3D Fe3O4/MoS2 nanoflakes, and 3D hierarchical dual Fe3O4/MoS2 electrodes at various current rates. e Long-life cycling performance of 3D hierarchical dual Fe3O4/MoS2 nanoflake electrode at 5 C for 1000 cycles. Reproduced with permission [103]. Copyright ©2017, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    3D architectures based on 2D nanoflake arrays on 3D skeleton ensembles for LIBs. a, b FESEM images of layered-LiCoO2 nanoflake arrays. c TEM image of a single Co3O4 nanoflake. d TEM image of a single layered-LiCoO2 nanoflake. e Rate performance of LiCoO2//Li4Ti5O12 full cell. f Cycle performance of LiCoO2//Li4Ti5O12 full cell (inset photograph shows the full cell device lighting a LED). Reproduced with permission [104]. Copyright ©2018, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    3D architectures based on 2D porous SnO2-δ/C nanoflake arrays on carbon cloth substrate ensembles for LIBs. a Schematic diagram of the process for fabrication of porous SnO2-δ/C nanoflake arrays. b SEM image of porous SnO2-δ/C nanoflake arrays. c SEM image of porous SnO2 nanoflake arrays. d Rate performance of porous SnO2-δ/C, SnO2-δ/C, porous SnO2, and SnO2 nanoflake array electrodes. e Cycle performance of porous SnO2-δ/C, SnO2-δ/C, porous SnO2, and SnO2 nanoflake array electrodes. Reproduced with permission [105]. Copyright ©2018, Elsevier
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    3D architectures based on 2D VS2 nanoflake self-assemblies for SIBs. a Schematic illustration of reversible Na+ ion storage in VS2 nanoflake assemblies. b SEM images and c TEM images of VS2 nanoflake assemblies. d Rate capability from 100 to 2000 mA g−1 and corresponding coulombic efficiency. e Cycling stability and corresponding coulombic efficiency at 100 mAh g−1 and 1000 mA g−1. Reproduced with permission [128]. Copyright ©2017, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    3D architectures based on 2D MoSe2 nanoflakes on 1D vertical graphene skeleton for SIBs. a Schematic illustration of synthesis of sandwiched VG/MoSe2/N-C core/shell arrays. b SEM and c TEM images of VG/MoSe2 arrays. d Rate capability and e cycling stability of VG/MoSe2/N-C electrodes at 1 and 2 A g−1, respectively. Reproduced with permission [132]. Copyright ©2016, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    3D architectures based on 2D ultrathin SnS nanoflakes on 1D carbon nanotube skeleton for SIBs. a FESEM and b TEM images of hierarchical SnS@C nanotubes. c HRTEM image of carbon-coated ultrathin SnS nanoflakes. d Rate performance of SnS@C nanotubes and microflowers. e Cycling performance of SnS@C nanotubes and microflowers at 0.2 A g−1, and coulombic efficiency of SnS@C nanotubes during cycling. Reproduced with permission [133]. Copyright ©2016, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    3D architectures based on 2D MoS2/rGO nanoflakes for SIBs. a, b TEM images, c HRTEM image of the MoS2-rGO/hollow carbon sphere composite. d Rate capability of MoS2-rGO/hollow carbon spheres, MoS2/hollow carbon spheres, MoS2-rGO, and bare MoS2. e Cycling performance and coulombic efficiency of MoS2-rGO/hollow carbon spheres for 1000 cycles at the current density of 2 A g−1. Reproduced with permission [106]. Copyright ©2018, American Chemical Society.
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    3D architectures based on 2D MoSe2/graphene nanoflakes for SIBs. a Strategy for fabrication of ordered 2D superstructure. b, c SEM images of as-prepared MoSe2/G. d TEM and e HRTEM images of as-prepared MoSe2/G. f CV curves of MoSe2/G superstructure at different scan rates from 0.2 to 1.0 mV s−1. g Cycling performance and corresponding coulombic efficiency of MoSe2/G superstructures at a current density of 3.2 A g−1 for 1500 cycles. Reproduced with permission [129]. Copyright ©2018, Elsevier
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    3D architectures based on 2D transition metal nanoflakes on 3D skeleton ensembles for SIBs. a High-magnification image of 1T-MoS2 on the internal surface of the tube. b Rate performance of the MoS2-graphene electrode. c Specific capacity and coulombic efficiency versus cycle number at a current density of 50 mA g−1. Reproduced with permission [135]. Copyright ©2017, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. d, e SEM images of the as-prepared freestanding MoS2@C. f High-magnification TEM image of MoS2@C. g Rate-performance of MoS2@C-CMC electrode. h Cycling performance and corresponding coulombic efficiency of MoS2@C-CMC paper electrode at 80 mA g−1 and cycling performance of CMC-coated carbon paper electrode. Reproduced with permission [130]. Copyright ©2016, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    2D nanoflake ensemble-based materials for KIBs. a SEM, b TEM, and c XRD pattern of ultrathin layered VSe2 nanoflakes. d Rate capabilities of VSe2 nanoflakes. e Cycling stability and coulombic efficiency of VSe2 nanoflake electrode at 0.2 A g−1. Reproduced with permission [149]. Copyright ©2018, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. f SEM, g TEM, and h HRTEM images of MoS2@rGO composite. i Schematic illustration showing paths for K-ion diffusion and electron conduction in MoS2@rGO composites. j Rate performance of MoS2@rGO, MoS2 particle, and pure rGO. Reproduced with permission [150]. Copyright ©2017, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    2D nanoflake ensemble-based materials for ZIBs. a SEM images of P-NiCo2O4-x nanoflakes grown on a carbon cloth substrate. b Variation in the redox peak currents with the square root of the scan rate for P-NiCo2O4-x electrodes, and discharge curves for P-NiCo2O4-x electrode at various current densities. c Specific capacities of NiCo2O4 and P-NiCo2O4-x electrodes at various current densities. Reproduced with permission [167]. Copyright ©2018, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Characterization of layered VS2: d SEM, e HR-TEM image, and f XRD pattern. g Schematic illustration of the mechanism of operation of Zn/VS2 batteries. h Rate capability. i Long-term cyclic properties at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. Reproduced with permission [168]. Copyright ©2017, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

• Layered Trichalcogenidophosphate: A New Catalyst Family for Water Splitting

  Cheng-Feng Du1, 2, Qinghua Liang2, Raksha Dangol2, Jin Zhao2, Hao Ren2, Srinivasan Madhavi2, Qingyu Yan2, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 67
  First Online: 9 August 2018 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0220-6

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    Crystal structures of a MoS2, b MIIPQ3 (MII = Zn, Cd, Mg; X = S, Se), and c Ag0.5MIII0.5PQ3 (MIII = Sc, In; Q = S, Se). Bonds between metal atoms and Q atoms are not shown in b and c [49]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright (2014), AIP Publishing.
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    a Band-edge positions of MPQ3 single layer. The energy scale is indicated by either the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) (right Y-axis) or the vacuum level (left Y-axis) in electron volts as a reference. The redox potentials (green dashed line) for water splitting are shown for comparison [49]. Copyright (2001), Macmillan Publishers Ltd. b Location of VBM and CBM, calculated with HSE06 functional, for MPS3 and MPSe3 single layers. The redox potentials for water splitting at pH = 0 (orange dashed lines) and pH = 7 (cyan dashed lines) are shown for comparison [55]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright (2016), Wiley-VCH, GmbH & Co. KGaA.
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    a Structure and side-view of the charge density difference of MnPSe3/MoS2 heterostructures with different stacking models V1−V5. The isosurface value is 0.15 e nm−3. Yellow (blue) regions represent the net charge gain (loss). b Total and partial DOS of V1, V2, and V4 configurations. Fermi level is indicated by the vertical shadow-line and set to zero [56]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright (2017), Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
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    a AFM images and corresponding height analysis of FePS3 quantum sheets. b UV/vis/NIR diffuse reflectance absorption spectra and estimated bandgap potential (inset) of synthesized FePS3 bulk (1.60 eV) and quantum sheets (2.18 eV). c Plots of hydrogen production through direct photocatalytic water splitting of the FePS3 bulk and quantum sheets in 100 mL deionized water with 10% TEOA as sacrificial agent. d Cycling measurements of hydrogen gas evolution with FePS3 quantum sheets [63]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright (2018), Wiley-VCH, GmbH & Co. KGaA.
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    Electrochemical properties of as-prepared Ni1−xCoxPS3 and Ni1−xFexPS3 nanosheets for the HER in 1 M KOH. a J–V curves after iR correction for application of NiPS3 and various Ni1−xCoxPS3 samples in the HER, in comparison to the commercial Pt/C catalyst; b Tafel plots for the data presented in a [72]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright (2017), Royal Society of Chemistry. c J−V curves after iR correction for application of FePS3, NiPS3, and various Ni1−xFexPS3 samples in the HER, in comparison to 20 wt% Pt/C commercial catalyst; d Tafel plots for the data presented in c [73]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright (2017), American Chemical Society.
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    a Calculated total DOS for NiPS3 and Fe-doped NiPS3. b Projected DOS for Ni and Fe obtained from DFT + U calculations for Fe-doped NiPS3. Optimized structures of c NiPS3 and d Fe-doped NiPS3 for calculating the free energies of adsorption of oxygen-containing intermediates on their surfaces by DFT calculations. The inset in b is the enlarged projected DOS near the Fermi level [80]. Reproduced with permission. Copyright (2018), Elsevier Ltd.

• Recent Advances in Synthesis and Properties of Hybrid Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaics

  Vidyasagar C. C.1, 2, *, Blanca M. Muñoz Flores1, Víctor M. Jiménez Pérez1, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 68
  First Online: 15 August 2018 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0221-5

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    a Simulated crystal structure of CH3NH3BX3 obtained from the diffraction pattern and b electron–hole diffusion diagram in the material
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    Classifications of photovoltaics corresponding to inorganic, organic, and hybrid perovskites
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    Working principle of dye-sensitized solar cells
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    Stepwise progress in perovskite solar cells demonstrating the remarkably sharp rise in photovoltaic performance over the past eight years
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    Yearwise progress in perovskite solar cell research published by various journals (data collected from Web of Science)
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    XRD patterns of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite ultrafine nanoparticles: a after sonication in isopropanol for 10, 20, and 30 min (the peak assigned to unreacted PbI3 is marked) and b after 20 min sonication in water. Reproduced with permission Ref. [109]. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V.
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    Plots of three consecutive measurements of DLS with Zeta Potential which is performed in isopropanol suspensions of the CH3NH3PbI perovskite at 20 min sonication. Reproduced with permission Ref. [109]. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V.
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    a Excitation spectrum and b emission spectrum of CH3NH3PbI3 nanoparticles. Reproduced with permission Ref. [109]. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V.
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    XRD pattern of perovskite films treated by 160-W microwave irradiation for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 min and annealed at 100 °C for 10 min. Reproduced with permission Ref. [27]. Copyright ©2016 American Chemical Society
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    As-prepared perovskite material powder treated by microwave irradiation for a 0 min, b 1 min, c 2 min at 800 W and the PbI2-CH3NH3I adduct powders treated by microwave irradiation for d 0 min and e 2 min and the PbI2-CH3NH3I powders added with f diethyl ether, g DMF, and h DMSO treated by microwave irradiation for 2 min at 800 W. Reproduced with permission Ref. [27]. Copyright ©2016 American Chemical Society
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    Time dependency of average grain size. Reproduced with permission Ref. [27]. Copyright ©2016 American Chemical Society
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    XRD patterns of as-prepared material: a simulated MAPbI3, b as-ground MAPbI3, c PbI2, d MAI. Reproduced with permission Ref. [29]. Copyright © 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry
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    UV–Vis absorption (green peak) and PL (blue) spectra of as-ground MAPbI3 measured at ambient temperature: fluorescence decay excitation measured at the 3.05 eV (inset view). Reproduced with permission Ref. [29]. Copyright © 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry
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    XRD patterns of a CH3NH3I, b PbI2, c ball milling 10 min, d ball milling 45 min, e CH3NH3PbI3/Al2O3, and f CH3NH3PbI3 by solution crystallization process. Reproduced with permission Ref. [135]. Copyright © 2016 Springer Science Business Media New York
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    The consumption of lead can be significantly reduced by means of deposition and wasting throughout the experiment
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    Schematic view of the CH3NH3PbI3 with ethyl cellulose
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    Roll-to-roll fabrication of perovskite photovoltaic sheets
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    Normalized I–V parameter of nonencapsulation, partial encapsulation, and complete encapsulation perovskites. Reproduced with permission Ref. [195]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.
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    Top view of the uncoated Au perovskite cell a cell with PEI layer, b degradation of perovskite in the form of nanopinholes with PEI layer, and c degradation of cell randomly all over without PEI layer and corresponding SEM images. Reproduced with permission Ref. [196]. Copyright © 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry
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    Thickness-dependent time-resolved PL data illustrate PL decay curve of CH3NH3PbI3 films dipped at different concentration of PbI2 upon excitation at 517 nm — the solid line corresponds to the results that are stretched exponentially. Reproduced with permission Ref. [203].
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    SEM images of CH3NH3PbI3 films of different PbI2 concentrations: a 0.3 M, b 0.5 M, c 0.8 M, and d 1.1 M. Reproduced with permission Ref. [203].
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    SEM images of FASnI3 perovskite film fabricated using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent a without nonsolvent dripping and b with nonsolvent dripping; SEM images of FASnI3 perovskite film fabricated using mixed solvent of DMF and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with nonsolvent dripping c absence of pyrazine and d presence of pyrazine. Reproduced with permission Ref. [32]. Copyright ©2016 American Chemical Society
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    XRD patterns of FASnI3 films a with and without pyrazine deposited on FTO glass, b with and without presence of SnF2 (10 mol%), c in the absence of SnF2 annealed at 60 and 170°C, and d PCE of the FASnI3 and the amount of SnF2 added in the absence of pyrazine. Reproduced with permission Ref. [32]. Copyright ©2016 American Chemical Society
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    a J–V curve and b external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectrum and integrated Jsc for the optimized FASnI3 PSC; c recombination time constant of FASnI3 PSCs as a function of the open-circuit voltage and d relationship between PCE of the FASnI3 PSC and the amount of added SnF2 in the presence of pyrazine. Reproduced with permission Ref. [32]. Copyright ©2016 American Chemical Society
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    Plot of the thickness-dependent short-circuit current density Jsc of different perovskites. Reproduced with permission Ref. [236]. Copyright ©2016 American Chemical Society
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    Cross sectional image of as-proposed low-cost model for water-soluble perovskite solar cells

• Nanostructured Ternary Metal Tungstate-based Photocatalysts for Environmental Purification and Solar Water Splitting: A Review

  Jun Ke2, M. Adnan Younis1, Yan Kong1, Hongru Zhou2, Jie Liu3, *, Lecheng Lei1, Yang Hou1, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 69
  First Online: 2 September 2018 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0222-4

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    Schematic overview of the band positions of representative semiconductors
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    Illustration of unit cells of scheelite and wolframite. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [57]. Copyright 2014 Elsevier
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    Colors of different MWO4 materials. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [51]. Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society
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    Relationship between band-gap energy of MWO4 and the radii of metal cations
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    Models of band structures and calculated density of states for tetragonal (a, b) and monoclinic (c, d) CdWO4. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [83]. Copyright 2011 Elsevier
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    a Crystal structures, b density of states, and c UV-Vis absorption spectra of -SnWO4 and -SnWO4. d Photocatalytic activity of -SnWO4 and -SnWO4 in RhB degradation. e H2 evolution. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society
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    a Distribution of energy level and b chronoamperometry curves of CuWO4 and WO3. c Polarization curve of CuWO4 photoanode under AM1.5G irradiation. d Illustration of the physical model of charge carrier transfer in CuWO4. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [102]. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society
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    a Formation mechanism of m-CdWO4 and t-CdWO4 and the b relationship between different crystal phases of CdWO4 and used solvents. c Photocatalytic H2 evolution of m-CdWO4 and t-CdWO4 under visible light irradiation. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [86]. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry
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    a-c FESEM images of CdWO4 microspheres. d Photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of MO in the presence of different photocatalysts. e Photocatalytic mechanism for CdWO4 microspheres. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [107]. Copyright 2014 Royal Society of Chemistry
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    a, b FESEM images of FeWO4 microspheres. c Photocatalytic performance of FeWO4 microspheres for the degradation of RhB. d Schematic illustration of photocatalysis mechanism for FeWO4 microspheres. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [112]. Copyright 2016 Elsevier
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    a, b FESEM images of faceted β-SnWO4 microcrystals. c, d FESEM images and photocatalytic activities for the degradation of MB over faceted β-SnWO4 microcrystals, bulk β-SnWO4, and β-SnWO4 nanoparticles under sunlight irradiation. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [117]. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry
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    a TEM image and b photodegradation efficiency of Ag NPs/α-SnWO4 under visible-light irradiation. c Transient photocurrent response for different samples. d Illustration of photocatalytic mechanism of Ag NPs/α-SnWO4. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [130]. Copyright 2017 Elsevier.
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    a Geometric structures for the Fi-ZnWO4. Spin density (top) and total charge density (bottom) for Fi-ZnWO4. c Photocurrent density of the synthesized samples under UV-light irradiation. Photocatalytic degradation of RhB over different samples under UV light irradiation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [140]. Copyright 2010 American Chemical Society
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    a, b TEM and HRTEM images of a CdS/MnWO4 heterojunction. c Photocatalytic degradation of MB over CdS/MnWO4 with different CdS contents. d Schematic photocatalytic mechanism of CdS/MnWO4 heterojunction. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [155]. Copyright 2017 Elsevier
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    a Schematic diagram describing the formation of MnWO4 nanoplates. b-c FESEM images of the MnWO4 nanoplates and MnWO4 nanoplates on TiO2 film. d Photodegradation efficiency of different samples heated at 850 °C for different times. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [162]. Copyright 2016 Royal Society of Chemistry
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    a TEM image, b UV-vis diffused reflectance spectra, and c photocatalytic degradation curves of CdWO4/C3N4. d Mechanism of photocatalytic reaction on the CdWO4/C3N4. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [197]. Copyright 2015 Elsevier

• Beyond Graphene Anode Materials for Emerging Metal Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors

  Santanu Mukherjee1, #, *, Zhongkan Ren1, #, Gurpreet Singh1, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 70
  First Online: 12 September 2018 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0224-2

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    Spider graph representation of critical parameters of the different electrochemical energy storage systems. Data for the figure has been obtained from Ref. [12].
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    Statistical analysis of the application of beyond graphene 2D materials: a, b, c Pie chart analysis showing the weight of the various applications of TMDs, MXene and phosphorene, respectively. Electrochemical energy storage occupies an important role in the application regimes of each of the 2-D materials, which is indicative of the current trend of their applications in batteries and supercapacitors
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    Schematic representation of structure and atomic arrangement of the layered “beyond-graphene” materials which are the focus of the present work: a, e, i Top view of the ball and stick atomic models of phosphorene, MXene and TMD (MoSe2), respectively. b, f, j Side view of the atomic models showing the layered structure of phosphorene, MXene and TMD (MoSe2), respectively. SEM images showing the characteristic layered structure of c, g, k SEM images showing the characteristic layered structure of phosphorene, MXene and TMD (MoSe2), respectively. d, h, i HRTEM image demonstrating the arrangement of the atoms in the lattice for phosphorene, MXene and TMD (MoSe2), respectively [24, 62-71]. Permission allowed by copyright owners
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    Schematic representation of various “top-down” fabrication techniques for large-scale synthesis of electrode materials: a Liquid exfoliation where the sheets are sheared off by sonicating the bulk material in a liquid medium. b Mechanical exfoliation, whereby a tensile force (possibly produced by Scotch tape) can peel off the constituent layers c Intercalant assisted exfoliation where a metal ion (usually Li+) is used to intercalate into the bulk precursor in a liquid media coupled with ultrasonication, which shears the sheets apart and d Selective etching, in which an etchant (usually strong acids e.g. HF) is used to remove one or more constituent atoms and result in the formation of sheets.
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    Structural characterization and electrochemical performance analysis of TMD (MoS2) as an electrode material in SIB: a, b HRTEM images of exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets obtained after treatment with a superacid. c Selected area diffraction pattern for the MoS2 nanosheet imaged in Fig. b. d, e SEM images of the top and cross-sectional view of the 60 MoS2 sample (60 wt% MoS2-40 wt% rGO), respectively. e TEM image of SAED pattern (in the inset) of the same 60 MoS2 sample. g Graphical representation of the total interaction potential (VT), repulsion (VDLVO) and attraction energy (VvdW) versus greater sheet separation. h Represents the Raman spectra of the MoS2 samples, in bulk (black) and after exfoliation (red) by acid treatment. i XRD spectra of the bulk (black) and exfoliated MoS2 (red) sample, indicating the peak shift and the broadening of the consequent increase in the interlayer distance of the exfoliated sample. j XRD pattern of pristine MoS2-rGO (60 MoS2) electrode (blue) and the same after one discharge cycle (black). Considerable peak broadening is observed due to sodiation. k First discharge graph of the 60 MoS2 electrode, also showing the formation of nanocrsytallites along the process from the TEM images and SAED patterns in the inset. l 1st (black) and 2nd cycle (red) gcd curves for the 60 MoS2 sample. m Differential capacity curves for the first two cycles demonstrating the redox voltages. n Charging capacity and Coulombic efficiency values for the different composite and bare rGO sample performed at a current density of 25 mA g-1. o Charge capacity, coulombic efficiency and rate capability of 60 MoS2 sample [83]. Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society. Scale bar for d and e is 10 μm and for f is 100 nm
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    Structural characterization and electrochemical performance analysis of TMD (MoSe2) as a supercapacitor electrode: a, b TEM images of MoSe2 nanosheets at low magnification. c HRTEM image of the MoSe2 sheets with the FFT pattern demonstrated in the inset. d XRD spectra of the few-layered MoSe2 nanosheets showing the characteristic peaks. e Characteristic Raman spectra of the few-layered MoSe2 nanosheets where the A1g and E12g vibration modes are clearly visible. f CV of the few-layered MoSe2 sample in 0.5 M H2SO4 with scan rates varying from 2 to 125 mV s-1. g Corresponding specific capacitance values at the given scan rates. h First cycle GCD curves at different current rates, of the few-layered MoSe2 sample. i Specific capacitance values for the corresponding current rates. j Specific capacitance retention of the few-layered MoSe2 sample, being run for 10,000 cycles at a current rate of 5 A g-1 in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte [129]. Copyright 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry
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    Structural characterization and electrochemical performance analysis of MXene as electrode material in KIB: a, b, c SEM images of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase, Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets (MNSs) obtained by etching the precursor MAX phase with 40% HF solution and KOH treated Ti3C2 MNSs (a-Ti3C2), respectively. d XRD spectra stack of Ti3AlC2, Ti3C2 and a-Ti3C2. e SEM image of Ti3C2 MXene nanoribbons (MNRs) at low magnification. f Corresponding image at high magnification g TEM image of MNRs h XPS spectra of Ti3AlC2, Ti3C2 and a-Ti3C2 showing the free C and K peaks. i, j and k HRTEM images of the Ti3C2 MNRs at different positions (‘A’ and ‘B’) and varying thicknesses (8, 16, and 22 nm). l XPS spectra of the 3 samples showing the O 1s peak. m, n, o, p, q Elemental mapping of Ti, C, K, O and F regions of the a-Ti3C2 sample, respectively. r CV of the a-Ti3C2 MNRs for KIB collected at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s-1. s GCD curves of the sample obtained at different given current rates. t Rate capability of the a-Ti3C2 sample. u Cycling performance at 200 mA g-1 and coulombic efficiency for the a-Ti3C2 sample [145]. Copyright 2018 Elsevier
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    Structural characterization and electrochemical performance analysis of MXene (N-doped Ti3C2Tx) as a supercapacitor electrode: SEM images of a Parent MAX phase Ti3AlC2. b Ti3C2Tx obtained after etching the MAX phase with HF. c N doped Ti3C2Tx synthesized at 200 °C (N-Ti3C2Tx-200 °C). d N-Ti3C2Tx-300 °C. e N-Ti3C2Tx-500 °C. f N-Ti3C2Tx-700 °C. g XRD spectra stack of the parent MAX phase (Ti3AlC2) and the non-doped and various N doped Ti3C2Tx MXenes. h, i, j, k XPS spectra of N-Ti3C2Tx-200 °C, N-Ti3C2Tx-300 °C, N-Ti3C2Tx-500 °C, N-Ti3C2Tx-700 °C samples, respectively. l CV curves of the non-doped and doped MXenes in 1 M H2SO4 at 1 mV s-1 scan rate. m Specific capacitance of the MXenes corresponding to the scan rates in i and n CV curves of the non-doped and doped MXenes in 1 M MgSO4 at 1 mV s-1 scan rate. o Specific capacitance of the MXenes corresponding to the scan rates in n [150]. Copyright 2018 Elsevier
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    Structural characterization and electrochemical performance analysis of phosphorene electrode material in SIB: a Schematic showing the movement of Na+ ion between phosphorene layers. b Energetics dictated transport of Na+ ions in the interstices of phosphorene lattice. c, f HRTEM images along the [001] direction of few-layer phosphorene and single-layer phosphorene, respectively, with FFTs shown in the inset of each. d, g Atomic scale High angle annular dark field image (HAADF) along the [001] direction of few-layer phosphorene and single-layer phosphorene, respectively, with atomic orientations in inset (in yellow). e, h HAADF of few-layer phosphorene along the [100] and [010] directions, respectively, with the corresponding atomic orientations in the inset (in yellow). i, j TEM image and schematic of the contact interface of Na+ ion normal to the [100] direction and along the [100] direction, respectively. The SAED patterns of the few-layered phosphorene are shown in the inset of both. k CV of the first three cycles of the phosphorene electrode for the half-cell at a scan rate of 0.005 mV s-1. l GCD profiles of the 1st, 2nd and 30th cycle for the phosphorene electrode in the half cell. m Capacity retention and coulombic efficiency of the phosphorene electrode running at a current density of 100 mA g-1. n Rate capability of the phosphorene anode [163]. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society
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    Structural characterization and electrochemical performance analysis of phosphorene as a supercapacitor electrode: a TEM image of phosphorene thin film b HRTEM image of the phosphorene thin film. c HRTEM micrograph of the phosphorene thin film with atomic positions and lattice parameters. d AFM image of the phosphorene thin film. e SEM image of the cross-section of the phosphorene thin film with EDX spectra of the selected region. f XPS spectra of phosphorene thin film. g, h CV at varying scan rates of P/G anode and G anode, respectively. i XRD spectra stack of the phosphorene (orange), graphene (red) and P/G composite electrode (blue). j Aerial capacitances of P/G (blue) and G (red) samples. k Volumetric capacitances of P/G (blue) and G (red) samples. l Ragone plots of P/G (blue) and G (red) samples. m GCD curves of the P/G (blue) and G (red) samples at a current density of 0.3 A cm-3. n Complex part of the impedance spectra of P/G (blue) and the G (red) samples. o Stability performance of the P/G sample over 2000 cycles with the inset pictures showing the flat and bending orientations. p CV curves of the P/G composite micro-supercapacitor. q CV curves of the P/G composite on PET substrate [174]. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society

• Nitrogen-Doped TiO2-C Composite Nanofibers with High-Capacity and Long-Cycle Life as Anode Materials for Sodium-ion Batteries

  Su Nie1, Li Liu1, 2, *, Junfang Liu1, Jianjun Xie1, Yue Zhang1，Jing Xia1，Hanxiao Yan1, Yiting Yuan1, Xianyou Wang1	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 71
  First Online: 20 September 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0225-1

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    a XRD patterns and b Raman spectra of TiO2/N-C NFs and TiO2-C NFs. c N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms and d the corresponding pore size distributions of TiO2/N-C NFs and TiO2-C NFs
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    SEM images of a TiO2-C NFs and b TiO2/N-C NFs. TEM images of c TiO2-C NFs and d TiO2/N-C NFs. e TEM elemental mapping images of C, N, Ti, and O in TiO2/N-C NFs. f HRTEM image of TiO2/N-C NFs with lattice spacing (the inset shows statistical tables of the interplanar crystal spacing)
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    a Cycling performance of the TiO2/N-C NF and TiO2-C NF electrodes under a current density of 1 A g-1. b Continuous discharge and charge curves of TiO2/N-C NF electrode under a current density of 1A g-1. c Rate capability of TiO2/N-C NFs and TiO2/C NFs. d Charge–discharge curves of TiO2/N-C NFs at 0.05–5 A g-1 in the range of 0.01–2.5 V. e Long-term cycle performance of TiO2/N-C NFs under a high current density of 5 A g-1
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    Comparison of rate capability of TiO2/N-C NFs with that of previously reported TiO2-based composites with various morphologies
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    a XPS wide scan spectra of TiO2-C NFs and TiO2/N-C NFs. High-resolution b C 1s and c Ti 2p XPS spectra of TiO2-C NFs and TiO2/N-C NFs. d High-resolution N 1s spectra of TiO2/N-C NFs. e EDS spectrum of TiO2/N-C NFs
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    N 1s fine spectra of TiO2/N-C NFs with a 0.05 g, b 0.1 g, and c 0.2 g of added urea. d Histogram of ratio of different N species in various TiO2/N-C NF samples. e Schematic of structural binding conditions of nitrogen
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    CV curves of a the TiO2/N-C NF electrode and b the TiO2-C NF electrode at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s-1. c CV plots of TiO2/N-C NFs at various sweep rates from 0.1 to 10 mV s-1. d Relationship between the peak currents and scan rates in logarithmic scale. e Diagram of capacitive contribution to the total capacity of TiO2/N-C NFs at different scan rates. f CV curve of TiO2/N-C NFs (black curve) and capacitive contribution measured at 10 mV s-1 (red shaded region)
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    a Nyquist plots of TiO2/N-C NF and TiO2-C NF

• Biogreen Synthesis of Carbon Dots for Biotechnology and Nanomedicine Applications

  Kok Ken Chan1 , Stephanie Hui Kit Yap1 , Ken-Tye Yong1	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 72
  First Online: 17 October 2018 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0223-3

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    Aqueous solution of passivated CDs. a Excited at 400 nm and imaged through bandpass filters as indicated, and b excited at the indicated wavelength [15].
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    Example of a laser ablation technique experimental setup [18].
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    Schematic illustration of CQD generation via electrochemical oxidation of a graphite electrode in alkaline alcohols. The color change of the dispersion during room temperature storage is due to oxygenation of the surface species [21].
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    a TEM images, b size distribution, and c, d AFM image and profile of CDs [78]. Copyright  2015 Elsevier Ltd.
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    PL emission of CDs excited from 330 to 600 nm in 30 nm increments [73].
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    PL spectra of CDs prepared from p-phenylenediamine dispersed in different solvents. CDs dispersed in a tetrachloromethane, b toluene, c chloroform, d acetone, e dimethyl formamide, f ethanol, and g water, and h absorption spectra of the CDs in different solvents [76].
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    PL emission peak blue-shifting as the concentration was reduced from 3.0 to 0.03 g L-1 [77].
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    Photographs of a CdTe film and a CD epoxy resin film under UV illumination taken at different time intervals [88].
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    aPhotographs of CQDs with increasing particle dimensions under (left) white and (right) UV light, b PL spectrum of CQDs with emission from blue to red, c relationship between the CQD particle size and PL properties, and d relationship between the HOMO–LUMO bandgap and the size of the graphite fragments [90].
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    a CD samples with increasing surface oxidation (from left to right) imaged under 365 nm UV light irradiation, and b model for the tunable PL of CDs with the increasing level of oxidation (from left to right) [93].
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    a Absorption spectra of CD2, CD3, and CD4; and PL spectra of b CD2, c CD3, and d CD4. The inset image corresponds to CDs under 365 nm UV light illumination [94].
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    Schematic representation of the emission properties of three photoactive species obtained from heat treatment of a citric acid and ethanolamine mixture. During heating, the organic fluorophores (blue groups) are consumed to build up the carbogenic core (black sphere) so that the PL component that corresponds to the carbogenic core (black bars) increases at the expense of the component from the organic fluorophores [95].
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    Basic principles of the FRET process. A donor fluorophore (D) is excited and the energy is transferred in a distance and orientation-dependent manner (r/Ro) to an acceptor molecule (A). The energy transfer occurs through non-radiative dipole–dipole coupling (E). The acceptor, if a fluorescent molecule, will emit fluorescence but at a lower energy and longer wavelength [267].
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    Requisites for IFE: a the absorber spectrum overlaps the fluorescer excitation spectrum, b the absorber spectrum overlaps the fluorescer emission spectrum, and c the absorber spectrum overlaps the fluorescer excitation and emission spectra [110].
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    Preparation of CDs by hydrothermal treatment of CA and urea and sensing based on aggregation-induced emission enhancement effects [132].
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    a Visual detection of Cu2+ ions using filter papers printed with dual-colored CDs, and visual detection of Cu2+ in btap water and c lake water. All images were taken under 365 nm illumination [147].
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    Schematic illustration of the preparation of dual-emission CDs and their application as ratiometric sensors for Hg2+ [165].
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    Schematic design of a microfluidic chip for peroxynitrous-acid-induced CL analysis [199].
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    Schematic illustration of the detection of pathogenic bacteria with a CD-based nanoprobes and b conventional methods [230].
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    Schematic illustration of N, S-co-doped CDs for the detection of ascorbic acid in fruit [254].
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    Schematic illustration of the proposed CQD-based “off–on” sensor for 6-TG [258].

• Tunable 3D Nanofiber Architecture of Polycaprolactone by Divergence Electrospinning for Potential Tissue Engineering Applications

  George Z. Tan1, Yingge Zhou1	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 73
  First Online: 25 October 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0226-0

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    a Divergence electrospinning configuration. b The divergent electric field between the spinneret and the collector
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    a 3D nanofiber scaffold obtained by the double-bevel collector. Scale bar represents 20 mm. Fluorescent nanofibers at the b top section and c bottom section of the scaffold
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    3D nanofiber scaffolds formed in the a 45°-collector and c 60°-collector. SEM pictures of the nanofibers at the b top of the 45°-collector and d 60°-collector. White scale bar = 10 mm and red scale bar = 10 µm. (Color figure online)
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    Violin boxplots for nanofiber diameter (nm) distribution in the two collectors
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    a The coordinate system of the scaffold. b An illustration of different areas of a scaffold. The width of the two peripheral areas is 5 cm. The width of the central area is 10 cm. Fiber density gradients in the c 45°-collector and d 60°-collector
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    a A histogram of fiber orientation at 7.7 mm from the bottom of the peripheral area in the 45°-collector. b A histogram of fiber orientation at 4.4 mm from the bottom of the central area in the 60°-collector. Fiber alignment gradients in the c 45°-collector and d 60°-collector
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    a A pentahedral and b tetrahedral scaffold fabricated by specially designed collectors. c A columnar scaffold with a hollow structure and d a cylindrical scaffold. Scale bar = 10 mm. e–h The fiber alignment histograms for scaffolds 7a–7d, respectively
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    A mesh-structure scaffold fabricated by the four-bevel collector
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    a EDS and spectrum for top region in collector, b Element gradient plot for collector, c EDS and spectrum for top region in collector, d Element gradient plot for collector (Collectors: width = 20 mm, height = 10 mm, angle = 45°). Color bar represents the ratio of nitrogen to carbon. (Color figure online)
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    a A cell-seeded nanofiber scaffold in culture medium. Fluorescence images of fibroblasts from the b top and c side view of the scaffold. Scale bar = 200 μm. Blue: nucleus; green: cytoplasm. d Average percentage reduction of alamar Blue dye after day 1 and 7. (Color figure online)

• Indocyanine Green-Conjugated Magnetic Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Synchronous Photothermal/Photodynamic Tumor Therapy

  Peng Xue1,2, Ruihao Yang1,2, Lihong Sun1,2, Qian Li1,2, Lei Zhang3, Zhigang Xu1,2, Yuejun Kang1,2	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 74
  First Online: 25 October 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0227-z

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    Schematic of the procedure for FPPI NP synthesis and the combination PDT/PTT cancer treatment. Magnetic FPPI NPs accumulate in the tumor region under a local magnetic field, which produces hyperthermia and toxic ROS activated by NIR light irradiation
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    Characterizations of physicochemical properties: a high-resolution TEM image of FPPI NPs obtained by electrostatically conjugating ICG onto the surface of magnetic PB NPs (scale bar: 50 nm); b hydrodynamic size distribution of FPPI NPs in aqueous suspension measured by the DLS method; c zeta potentials of the intermediate and final products; d photographs of Fe3O4 NPs, free ICG, Fe3O4@PB NPs, Fe3O4@PB/PEI NPs, and FPPI NPs (from left to right) dispersed in aqueous condition; e XRD patterns of Fe3O4 NPs, PB NPs, and FPPI NPs; f Vis–NIR absorbance spectra of Fe3O4 NPs, PB NPs, ICG, and FPPI NPs dispersed in aqueous solution; g Vis–NIR absorbance spectra of FPPI NP dispersions with different concentrations; h hydrodynamic size variation of FPPI NPs dispersed in 1 × PBS, DMEM, or 10% FBS over 7 days; i FT-IR spectra of Fe3O4 NPs, PB NPs, ICG, and FPPI NPs in the solid state
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    Magnetic and photothermal properties of FPPI NPs: a accumulation of FPPI NPs toward a permanent magnet placed against the side wall of a cuvette containing the FPPI NP dispersion (1 mg mL−1); b comparison of the magnetization response of Fe3O4 and FPPI NPs at 25 °C using a vibrating sample magnetometer; c temperature change in various solutions (200 µg mL−1) over 10 min of NIR laser irradiation recorded by a digital thermometer; d temperature elevation in FPPI NP aqueous dispersions with various concentrations over 10 min of NIR laser irradiation recorded by a digital thermometer; e change in temperature of FPPI NP dispersion under repeated laser irradiation over four consecutive heating–cooling cycles (10 min of irradiation for each cycle); f infrared thermal images of cuvettes containing the FPPI NP dispersion to show the temperature change over time under different NP concentrations (NIR laser wavelength: 808 nm; laser power: 2 W cm−2)
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    a Microscopic analysis of HeLa cells treated with free ICG or FPPI NPs (at the same equivalent ICG concentration) for 2 h and 4 h (scale bars: 100 µm; excitation wavelength: 633 nm). Untreated cells served as the blank control. b LIVE/DEAD assays after various treatment combinations, where laser irradiation spots are denoted by dashed circular areas (scale bars: 500 µm). Viable cells and dead cells were stained with green and red fluorescence, respectively. c HeLa cell viability after treatment with free ICG, FPP NPs, or FPPI NPs subjected to laser irradiation (“L”) or magnetic field (“M”) where applicable. d Impact of FPPI NPs on HUVEC viability after 24 h under various NP concentrations measured by MTT assays. e Change in UV–Vis absorbance spectra of FPPI NPs containing DPBF under NIR laser irradiation for 1 ~ 10 min
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    Detection of intracellular ROS using DCFH-DA probes (FITC channel) after HeLa cells were treated with free ICG and FPPI NPs (at an equivalent ICG concentration of 6 µg mL−1) for 4 h and subjected to NIR irradiation (“L”) for 10 min where applicable (scale bars: 50 µm)
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    Change in mitochondrial membrane potential of HeLa cells after treatment with ICG or FPPI NPs (at an equivalent ICG concentration of 6 µg mL−1) for 4 h and NIR laser irradiation (“L”) for 10 min where applicable. After standard JC-1 staining for 30 min, the apoptosis status was determined by fluorescence images captured via the Cy3 channel for JC-1 aggregates and FITC channel for JC-1 monomers (scale bars: 50 µm)
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    a Changes in mouse body shell temperature under NIR laser irradiation over 10 min measured by infrared imaging at 24 h post-injection; b local peak temperature elevation in the tumor region during laser irradiation corresponding to a; c change in tumor volume over time in each group after laser-activated treatment; d photographs of the excised tumors in different groups at day 14 post-injection; e variation of mouse body weight over time in each group after various treatments
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    Histological analyses of the excised tumors at day 14 post-injection by a H&E staining and b TUNEL assays (scale bars: 100 µm); c histological analysis of major organs by H&E staining at day 14 post-injection (scale bars: 200 µm). “L” and “M” denote laser irradiation and magnetic guidance, respectively

• Heterostructured Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Under Alkaline Conditions

  Jumeng Wei1,2, Min Zhou2, Anchun Long2, Yanming Xue3, Hanbin Liao4,5, Chao Wei4,5, Zhichuan J. Xu4,5,6,7	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 75
  First Online: 7 November 2018 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0229-x

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    Schematic pathways for hydrogen evolution reaction under acidic and alkaline conditions
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    a STM image (60 nm × 60 nm) and CV trace of the Pt/Ni(OH)2 surface. b Comparison of HER activities of Ni(OH)2-modified Pt electrode and control samples in 0.1 M KOH. c Schematic representation of water dissociation, formation of M–Had intermediates, and subsequent recombination of two Had atoms to form H2 (magenta arrow), as well as OH− desorption from the Ni(OH)2 domains (red arrows) followed by adsorption of another water molecule on the same site (blue arrows). Reproduced with permission of the authors of Ref. [15]. Copyright 2011, American Association for the Advancement of Science. (Color figure online)
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    a Schematic of synthesis of Pt NWs/SL–Ni(OH)2. b, c TEM images of Pt NWs/SL–Ni(OH)2; scale bars in b and c are 100 and 5 nm, respectively. HER activity of Pt NWs/SL–Ni(OH)2, Pt NPs/SL–Ni(OH)2, pure Pt NWs, and commercial Pt/C (20 wt% Pt) in 1 M d and 0.1 M KOH e at room temperature. Reproduced with permission of the authors of Ref. [35]. Copyright 2015, Nature Publishing Group
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    TEM images and EDS elemental mapping of Pd/FeOx(OH)2−2x NPs a, b before cycling and c, d after 1000 electrochemical cycles. The scale bar is 5 nm. e Schematic diagram of the alkaline HER reaction process on the surface of core/shell Pd/FeOx(OH)2−2x nanoparticles after electrochemical cycling. f iR-corrected linear sweep voltammogram (LSV) curves. g Turnover frequencies (TOFs) of Pd/FeOx(OH)2−2x NPs and catalysts in the benchmark literature: Pd/C, Pd-CNx, Ni-MoS2, and CoP. h HER activity versus FeOx(OH)2−2x coverage [40]. Copyright 2017, Wiley–VCH
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    a ECSA-normalized polarization curves (symbols) of bare MoS2 and MoS2/NiCo-LDH composite catalysts in 1 M KOH solution with the best fits (lines) using the dual-pathway kinetic model. The fitted standard activation free energies are presented in units of meV. b Free energy diagram of the dominant Volmer–Heyrovsky pathway for HER in alkaline electrolyte for bare MoS2 (blue) and MoS2/NiCo-LDH composite (red) catalysts. c Schematic illustration of the HER at MoS2/LDH interface in alkaline environment. Synergistic chemisorption of H (on MoS2) and OH (on LDH) for enhancing the water dissociation step. Reproduced with permission of the authors of Ref. [44]. Copyright 2017, Cell Press. (Color figure online)
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    a Free energies of H2O adsorption, H adsorption, and H2 evolution on α- or β-Ni(OH)2/Pt electrode; for clarity, the adsorbed H atoms for the H2O molecules in the top site on the Pt surfaces are colored green. b Adsorption free energy diagram for the Volmer and Heyrovsky steps. c LDOS of the α- or β-Ni(OH)2/Pt electrode. Reproduced with permission of the authors of Ref. [53]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (Color figure online)
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    a High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of Ni3N@CQDs, b O K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of Ni3N@CQDs, commercial NiO and the CQDs treated in NH3 at 370 °C, c linear scan voltammetry (LSV) polarization curves of Ni3N@CQDs in comparison with those of platinum (Pt) electrode, pristine Ni3N, CQDs, and glassy carbon (GC) electrode in a 1 M KOH aqueous solution. Comparison of HER Volmer reaction step and the resultant binding energies on carbon-coated Ni3N(110) d and pristine Ni3N(110) e surfaces. N, Ni, C, O, and H atoms are indicated by blue, gray, brown, red, and cyan, respectively. Reproduced with permission of the authors of Ref. [54]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (Color figure online)

• A Self-Powered Breath Analyzer Based on PANI/PVDF Piezo-Gas-Sensing Arrays for Potential Diagnostics Application

  Yongming Fu1,2, Haoxuan He3, Tianming Zhao3, Yitong Dai3, Wuxiao Han3, Jie Ma2, Lili Xing1,3, Yan Zhang1, Xinyu Xue1,3	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 76
  First Online: 12 November 2018 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0228-y

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    Structure and fabrication of the device. a Proposed concept. b Photographs of un-rolled PANI/PVDF film and as-fabricated bellows. c Fabrication process of the device. d SEM image of PANI/PVDF. e High-magnification SEM image of PANI/PVDF interface. f SEM image of PVDF film. g Lumped parameter equivalent circuit model of the device. h A few cycles of the output current
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    Characterization of the PANI/PVDF. a–e SEM images of PANI(SS), PANI(SDS), PANI(SO), PANI(CA), and PANI(NA), respectively. f EDS spectra of the five PANI derivatives. g Raman spectra of the five PANI derivatives. h XRD pattern of PVDF film. i FTIR spectrum of PVDF film
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    Performances of PANI(SS) sensing unit. a–e The output current of PANI(SS) in response to acetone, CO, ethanol, CH4, and NOx with concentrations ranging from 0 to 600 ppm. f The relationship between the response and gas concentration
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    Sensing performances of the five sensing units. The output current of a PANI(SDS) unit under different ethanol concentrations. b PANI(SO) unit under different CO concentrations. c PANI(CA) unit under different NOx concentrations. d PANI(NA) unit under different CH4 concentrations. e The relationship of the four units between the output current and special gas marker concentration. f The response of the five sensing units to 600 ppm gases
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    Response/recovery processes of the sensing units. a PANI(SS) for acetone. b PANI(SDS) for ethanol. c PANI(SO) for CO. d PANI(CA) for NOx. e PANI(NA) for CH4
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    Sensing performances of the five units under different gas flow rates. a The output current of PANI(SS) unit under airflow rates in the range of 0–12 m s−1. b The output current of five sensing units under airflow rates in the range of 4–9 m s−1. c The output current of five sensing units in response to 600 ppm special gas marker under gas flow rate in the range of 4–9 m s−1. d The relationship of the five sensing units between responses and gas flow rates
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    Humidity influence on ethanol response in the PANI(SDS) sensing unit. a The output current of the PANI(SDS) sensing unit under airflow and 600 ppm ethanol gas flow in different humidity conditions (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% RH). b The relationship between output current and relative humidity in airflow and 600 ppm ethanol gas flow. c The relationship between response and relative humidity
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    Working principle of the device. a The original state of polarized PVDF. b Measuring the output current in air atmosphere. c Measuring the output current in gas marker atmosphere

• Review of Water-Assisted Crystallization for TiO2 Nanotubes

  Xiaoyi Wang1, Dainan Zhang1, Quanjun Xiang1, Zhiyong Zhong1, Yulong Liao1,2	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2018) 10: 77
  First Online: 15 November 2018 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0230-4

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    Brief description of the overall contents
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    Schematic illustration of the crystallization process in water
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    a Digital photographs showing the appearance change of a TiO2 NT/Ti film before and after the treatment. b XRD patterns demonstrating the phase transformation before (black line) and after (red line) the water soaking for the TiO2 NT/Ti film. c Schematic showing the nucleation of anatase from amorphous TiO2 induced by water [40].
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    XRD patterns of anodic TiO2 NT array films crystallized in a water, b ethanol, and c ethylene glycol at 90 °C for 20 h. d Digital photographs of the treatment system at 90 °C with treatment duration rising from 0 to 20 h. e Magnified digital photograph of the 20-h sample. f Selected area diffraction pattern of the precipitated TiO2 nanoparticles, indicating the anatase phase of the precipitated nanoparticles [52]. g Schematic diagram of the dissolution-recrystallization-precipitation mechanism.
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    a Flowchart for the low-temperature crystallization of amorphous TiO2 nanotubular arrays by solid–gas reaction. In a Teflon-lined stainless autoclave, the as-anodized amorphous TiO2 nanotubes fabricated by anodization reacted with water vapor to yield anatase phase. Morphology images of TiO2 nanotubular arrays prepared by anodizing Ti foil at 20 V for 20 min in 0.5 wt% HF solution, followed by b hydrothermal solid–gas crystallization and c hydrothermal solid–liquid crystallization at 160 °C for 4 h [54].
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    a XRD patterns of the as-hydrothermal samples after annealing at 450 °C for 3 h in air (lines 1, 2, 3 represent the 0.05 M, 0.2 M, and 0.5 M Zn (Ac)2 solutions). SEM images of the samples hydrothermally treated with Zn(Ac)2 solutions with different concentrations at 200 °C for 6 h: b 0.05 M and c 0.5 M. d SEM image of anatase TNTs after hydrothermal treatment in 0.2 M Zn (Ac)2 at 200 °C for 6 h [67]. e Schematic illustration of the reaction processes in the presence of anatase or amorphous TNTs.
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    a Schematic diagram showing the fabrication of crystalline TNTs by immersing the as-anodized sample in the solution of ammonia. b Low-resolution XPS spectra of as-anodized TNAs and ammonia-treated TNAs (10 h). The inset shows the corresponding N 1s core-level XPS spectra with high resolution. c The corresponding normalized Ti 2p core-level XPS spectra with high resolution together with their difference spectrum (‘ammonia-treated TNAs’ minus ‘as-anodized TNAs’). d I–V characteristics of the as-anodized TNAs and ammonia-treated TNTs annealed for 5, 8, 10, and 15 h, respectively. The inset: a simplified sketch of the two-point measurement arrangement [78].
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    a Schematic illustration of the crystallization process at room temperature: first step: electrochemical anodization; second step: pulsed crystallization. b The mechanism of the superfast room temperature crystallization of TNTs. c XRD patterns of the as-anodized and pulsed-crystallized TNTs [82].
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    SEM characterization of the morphological evolution as a function of water soaking time: a as-anodized TiO2 nanotube arrays, b intermediate double-walled TiO2 nanotube arrays obtained by water soaking for 15–25 h, c intermediate wire-in-tube TiO2 nanoarchitecture formed by water soaking for 25–72 h, and d mesoporous TiO2 nanowire arrays obtained by a long-term water soaking (> 72 h). e Scheme illustrating the morphology transformation of the as-anodized TiO2 nanotubes upon water soaking. The red arrows denote the direction along which the dissolution–precipitation of TiO6 octahedra proceeds [40].
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    SEM, HRTEM and SAED images of the a as-anodized TNTs, b after water soaking for 1 day, and c after water soaking for 3 days [83]
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    a Schematic illustration of the fabrication stages of the nanoparticle decorated TiO2 NT array photoanode: (A) untreated TiO2 NT array on FTO substrate (UT-NT), (B) ALD amorphous TiO2 thin layer coated on the TiO2 NT array (AT-NT), (C) cross-sectional view of (B), (D) AT-NT electrode post-water treated for 1 day (WT1-NT), and (E) AT-NT electrode water treated for 2 days (WT2-NT). b TEM image of the sample after water treatment. c The corresponding HRTEM lattice images of the circled portions in b. d Incident photoconversion efficiency spectra of DSSCs using untreated and water-treated TiO2 NT array photoanodes. SEM images of e as-anodized TNTs, f after being immersed in water at 90 °C for 8 h, and g after being immersed in ammonia solution (the concentration of Volammonia/Volwater = 1:1) at 90 °C for 8 h [45, 75].
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    a UV–Vis absorption spectra of the TiO2 NT-powders after different heat treatment duration times at 92 °C. The inset shows the corresponding estimated bandgap. b The absorption spectra of water immersed TNTs and ammonia solution immersed TNTs with different concentrations. The inset shows the corresponding estimated bandgap, A/DI = Volammonia/Volwater. c Schematic of the band structure of pure TNTs and nitrogen-doped TNTs prepared by immersing the as-anodized sample in ammonia solution [39, 55].
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    a Schematic illustration of the reaction process for degrading pollutants by TiO2 under irradiation. b Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of the MO (methyl orange) aqueous solution and c the degradation rate constant by using the TiO2 NT-powders obtained by water immersion with different treatment duration times at 92 °C (the inset of b shows the MO degradation processing with the TiO2 NT-powders after hot water treatment at 92 °C for 35 h as photocatalyst, and S-450 refers to the sample sintered at 450 °C for 3 h) [39].
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    Schematic illustration of the configuration of DSSCs based on TNTs [125].
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    Typical TEM images of the TNTs for a as-anodized and b after HSGM (hydrothermal solid–gas method) treatment with 120 μL water put into a 50 mL Teflon autoclave. c Cyclic voltammograms of the TNTAs without HSGM treatment and TNTAs treated by HSGM under different vapor pressures at a scan rate of 100 mV s−1. d Galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) curves of the HSGM-treated TNTAs at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2. HSGM-120, 180, 240, 1000 represent the different water content in the Teflon autoclave, which leads to the different vapor pressures [53].
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    a Schematic illustration of the water-assisted crystallization process for preparing porous anatase TiO2 nanospheres from sol–gel derived amorphous particles. b TEM images of the original amorphous TiO2 spheres. c TEM images of the samples after immersing in water at 75 °C for 30 min. d XRD patterns of products obtained by immersing in water at 75 °C for different time periods. e The change of surface area as a function of heating time period for samples treated at different temperatures. f Schematic illustration of the water-assisted crystallization strategy for conversion of amorphous TiO2 layer to mesoporous crystalline shells. Typical TEM images of the samples at different preparation steps: g SiO2@TiO2 core–shell structures prepared by sol–gel coating and h mesoporous TiO2 hollow nanostructures after removing SiO2 cores [141, 142].
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    SEM images of the TiO2 nanofibers treated with water steam at different temperatures of a, b 150 °C; c, d 350 °C; and e, f 550 °C. g XRD patterns of the samples heat-treated at different temperatures in water steam. h, i HRTEM and SAED images of the water steam-treated TiO2 nanofibers prepared at 550 °C. j Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms of the samples heat-treated at different temperatures in water steam [152].
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    SEM images of the as-anodized SnO2 samples a before and b after soaking in water for 2 h at room temperature and c after soaking in water for 2 h at 60 °C. The insets are the photographs showing the appearance of the corresponding SnO2 samples. d Schematic illustration showing the transformation from amorphous to rutile SnO2 assisted by water soaking. TEM images of the SnO2 samples e as-anodized and f after water soaking at 60 °C for 2 h; the insets show the corresponding SAED patterns. g Long-term stability profiles and Coulombic efficiency of the water-crystallized SnO2 at 0.3 C for 500 cycles [159].

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• Bio-Derived Hierarchical Multicore–Shell Fe2N-Nanoparticle-Impregnated N-Doped Carbon Nanofiber Bundles: A Host Material for Lithium-/Potassium-Ion Storage

  Hongjun Jiang1, +, Ling Huang1, +, Yunhong Wei1, Boya Wang1, Hao Wu1, *, Yun Zhang1, * Huakun Liu2, Shixue Dou2	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 56
  First Online: 15 July 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0290-0

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    a Schematic of the structure of the native SCFs and synthesis strategy for Fe2N@N-CFBs. FESEM images of b, c natural SCFs and d, e Fe2N@N-CFBs. f–i TEM images of Fe2N@N-CFBs at different magnifications. j, k HRTEM images and l–o HAADF-STEM image and corresponding element maps of Fe2N@N-CFBs
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    a XRD patterns and b Raman spectra of Fe2N@N-CFBs, N-CFBs, and Fe2N-FBs. c Mössbauer spectrum of Fe2N@N-CFBs at room temperature. The inset shows the crystal structure of the orthorhombic Fe2N. d–f HR XP spectra of the Fe 2p, N 1s, and C 1s peaks of Fe2N@N-CFBs. g Photographs of SCFs, SCFs@Mn+, and MxNy@N-CFBs (M = Co, Ti, Cr)
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    FESEM images of a, d Co4N@N-CFBs, b, e TiN@N-CFBs, and c, f CrN@N-CFBs prepared using SCFs as templates and g–i corresponding XRD patterns
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    Lithium-ion storage properties of Fe2N@N-CFBs. a CV curves and b discharge–charge voltage profiles of Fe2N@N-CFBs for the first three cycles. c Cycling performances and d rate capacities of Fe2N@N-CFBs, N-CFBs, and Fe2N-FBs. e Repeated rate and cycling tests and f long-term cycling performance of Fe2N@N-CFBs
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    a Initial discharge/charge curves of Fe2N@N-CFBs at 50 mA g-1 in the voltage range of 0.01−3.0 V. b–d TEM, HRTEM, and SAED images of the Fe2N@N-CFBs electrode recorded in the fresh b1–3, discharged c1–3, and charged d1–3 states
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    Potassium-ion storage properties of Fe2N@N-CFBs. a CV curves and b discharge–charge profiles at 25 mA g-1 for Fe2N@N-CFBs in the first three cycles. c Rate capabilities of the Fe2N@N-CFBs and Fe2N-FBs electrodes at varied current density. The presented capacities are discharge capacities. d Cycling performances of the Fe2N@N-CFBs and Fe2N-FBs electrodes for 100 cycles at 200 mA g-1
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    Schematic of the different structural evolutions of the Fe2N@N-CFBs (top panel) and Fe2N-FBs (bottom panel) electrode materials during the electrochemical lithium/potassium storage reaction. The light-yellow layer coating on the surface represents the SEI film

• Novel Insights into Energy Storage Mechanism of Aqueous Rechargeable Zn/MnO2 Batteries with Participation of Mn2+

  Yongfeng Huang1, 2, #, Jian Mou1, #, Wenbao Liu1, 2, Xianli Wang1, Liubing Dong1, *, Feiyu Kang 1, 2, *, Chengjun Xu1, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 49
  First Online: 06 June 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0278-9

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    a XRD pattern, b SEM image, c STEM and d HRSTEM images of the synthesized MnO2 nanorods
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    Electrochemical behaviors of the prepared cathodes: a CV curves in 50 mL 2 M ZnSO4 solution (1st to 5th cycles); b CV (1st to 5th cycles) and c GCD curves in 50 mL 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.5 M MnSO4 solution; d Constant voltage discharge at various voltages (1.4, 1.2, and 1.1 V) and Local magnification diagram (the inset)
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    The results of the cathode which is constant current discharged to 1.4 V and then constant voltage discharged at 1.4 V in 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.5 M MnSO4 electrolyte for 2 h: a XRD pattern and locally enlarged image (the inset); b SEM image of the surface of the cathode. Another cathode which is constant current discharged to 1.0 V: c XRD pattern; d SEM image of the surface of the cathode; e Phase evolution of cathode during the 1st discharge process
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    TEM, HRTEM image, and TEM-EDS spectrum of the sample constant current discharge to 1.0 V: a TEM image b TEM-EDS spectrum result of region A and B marked in a. c, d HRTEM image of region A and B marked in Fig. 4a, respectively. e, f FFT of the region marked by a yellow dash in c and d, respectively
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    The first charge process: a XRD pattern of the fully charged cathode in the 1st charge process; b Charging curves of α-MnO2 electrodes after discharge to 1 V in different cases; c Constant Voltage test; d HRTEM image and analysis result. e Phase evolution of cathode during the 1st charge process
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    The MnO2 cathode after 100 charge/discharge cycles in 2 M ZnSO4 + 0.5 M MnSO4 electrolyte: a XRD patterns; b-d HRTEM images; e Phase evolution of cathode during the repeated charge/discharge processes after the 1st charge/discharge cycle
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    a Zn-Mn-O diagram and b E-pH diagram of Zn-Mn-H2O system

• Hierarchical Metal–Organic Frameworks with Macroporosity: Synthesis, Achievements, and Challenges

  Huan V. Doan1, 2, *, Harina Amer Hamzah1, Prasanth Karikkethu Prabhakaran1, Chiara Petrillo1, Valeska P. Ting1, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 54
  First Online: 08 July 2019 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0286-9

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    Schematic illustration of the synthesis of HP-MOFs with adjustable porosity using UiO-66 as an example.
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    Schematic representation of synthetic methods for hierarchical MOFs with macroporosity
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    SEM images of HKUST-1/3D-KSCs800 at different magnifications, showing the growth of microporous HKUST-1 crystals on the 3D-KSCs800 macroporous template.
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    SEM images of HKUST-1 coatings on ob-SiC and Al2O3 ceramic foams a, c without and b, d with preliminary alumina sol coating. The HKUST-1 coating layers on the ob-SiC composites are thicker than that for Al2O3 composites.
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    a PXRD patterns of Ni foam-immobilised MIL-101(Cr) (blue) showing the presence of peaks which correspond to both Ni foam (black) and MIL-101(Cr) nanocrystals (red). b SEM images of Ni foam-immobilised MIL-101(Cr) showing the presence of multi-layered MIL-101(Cr) nanocrystals on the macroporous Ni foam.
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    Schematic illustrations showing the preparation of ZIF-8@CA and the resulting SEM images.
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    SEM images of a ZIF-9@CA and pure ZIF-9 inset; and b ZIF-12@CA and pure ZIF-12 inset.
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    a The procedure for the preparation of PCN‐224 decorated melamine foam composites. b FESEM images of PCN-224(Fe)/MF composite depicting the melamine foam network homogeneously decorated with PCN-224(Fe) microcrystals. c The high similarities between the PXRD patterns of PCN-224(Fe) (grey) and PCN-224(Fe)50%/MF (purple), PCN-224(Fe)100%/MF (green), PCN-224(Fe)150%/MF (blue), PCN-224(Fe)200%/MF (red) and PCN-224(Fe)325%/MF (black) indicating the structural stability of the MOF composites. d N2 sorption isotherms of PCN‐224(Fe)50%/MF (purple), PCN‐224(Fe)100%/MF (green), PCN‐224(Fe)150%/MF (blue), PCN‐224(Fe)200%/MF (red), and PCN‐224(Fe)325%/MF (black). The BET surface areas increased with the increasing loading amount of PCN-224(Fe) in the composites.
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    a SEM images of the conversion of Cu-06 to HKUST-1 with 1-minute time intervals, showing the growth of polyhedral crystallites with the preservation of the co-continuous macroporous gel structure. All the images are in the identical magnification. b N2 sorption isotherms and c BJH pore size distributions with respect to increased immersion times. The BET surface areas and pore sizes increased with immersion times.
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    a Schematic diagram of SOM-ZIF-8 synthesis. SEM images of b SOM-ZIF-8 and c an isolated crystal of SOM-ZIF-8 showing the tetrakaidecahedron morphology.
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    Schematic illustrations showing the preparation of ZIF–sponge, showing a surfactant-assisted dip-coating self-assembling process and b surface-modification of the sponge skeleton first with a surfactant and then ZIF-67. c, d SEM images of ZIF–sponge prepared with the assistance of SDBS under different magnifications (the scale bar is 2 μm), showing ZIF nanocrystals were dip-coated on the surface of melamine sponge.
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    a Schematic representation for the preparation of HKUST-1 particles and the subsequent modification to produce macroporous HKUST-1 particles. b SEM image of HKUST-1 microparticles prepared by solvothermal synthesis with water–ethanol (1 : 1 v/v). c SEM image of modified HKUST-1 particle with hydroquinone at 150 °C for 16 h, showing the macroporous microparticles. d Macropore size distribution as measured by Hg intrusion porosimetry, with an intrusion pore volume 2.65 cm3 g−1, for the modified HKUST-1 particles.
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    SEM images of HKUST-1 particles modified by different reagents other than hydroquinone. a in 50 µL boric acid aqueous solution at 150 °C for 16 h and b in 50 µL NaCl aqueous solution at 150 °C for 16 h, showing some large etched holes were formed from the centre of the particles.
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    a, b Schematic representation of the etching process for HKUST-1 using phosphoric acid, showing phosphoric acid diffusing into HKUST-1 to form a hierarchical porous structure (a) and the disassembly of a cluster and 4 linkers (b). c-e SEM images of HKUST-1 etching in phosphoric acid using DMSO and MeOH as dilute solvents at pH 2.8 (c) and pH 2.6 (d, e), showing interconnected geometrical macropores after etching.
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    a Diagram illustrating the MOF-stabilized HIPE and derivation of MOA from HIPE. b-d Photographs of the emulsions stabilised by Cu3(BTC)2 with the initial diethyl ether volume fractions of 0.57, 0.43, and 0.29, respectively, demonstrating ability to tune pore size in HIPEs. e-g The corresponding confocal laser scanning microscopy images of the above HIPEs (HIPE-1, HIPE-2 and HIPE-3, respectively). Scale bars, 20 μm.
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    a Schematic illustration for the formation of hollow Zn–BTC tetrahedroids via a CO2–IL interfacial templating route. b SEM and c TEM images of the hollow tetrahedron-like Zn–BTC microparticles. The N-EtFOSA concentration is 2.0 wt% based on IL and the CO2 pressure is 6.3 MPa.
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    a-f SEM images of HKUST-1 synthesised in CO2-expanded DMF. a, b 2.0; c, d 4.5; e, f 6.6 MPa. Scale bars, 150, 50, 500, 150, 500, and 150 nm for a–f, respectively. g The mesopore size distribution curves for the Cu3(BTC)2 synthesised in CO2-expanded DMF at 2.0 MPa (blue curves), 4.5 MPa (red curves) and 6.6 MPa (green curves).
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    a Schematic illustration for the formation of the mesoporous Co-MOF in an IL/SC CO2/surfactant emulsion system. b TEM images of the Co-MOF synthesised in an IL/SC CO2/surfactant emulsion system at 16 MPa and 80 °C for 48 h.
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    Schematic illustration for a HKUST-1 crystallisation and b meso/macropore formation in the CO2-expanded solvent. c SEM images (top) and TEM images (bottom) of HKUST-1 synthesised using scCO2 at 75 bar, 40 °C for more than 24 h, showing introduction of interconnected macropores.
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    a Schematic of the 3D-printed MOF monolith preparation procedure. b SEM images of 3D-printed MOF-74 (Ni) (b1 and b2) and 3D-printed UTSA-16 (Co) (b3 and b4), showing uniform distribution of MOF crystals and with large voids. c PXRD patterns of 3D-printed MOF-74 (Ni) (c1) and 3D-printed UTSA-16 (Co) (c2) with their powder counterparts, showing crystallinity retained for both MOF-74 (Ni) and UTSA-16 (Co) MOFs after they were extruded into the monolith form.
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    Photos of 3D printed scaffolds: a 4CelloZIF8 and b 4CelloZIF8‐Cur. Insets are images representing the pores, with the scale bar representing 0.5 mm. SEM images of c scaffold 4CelloZIF8 and d scaffold 4CelloZIF8‐Cur. Scale bar = 1 µm. e PXRD patterns of CelloZIF8 hybrids using different ZIF‐8 and f different ZIF‐8 loadings while keeping Hmim:Zn to 35:1 and curcumin to 30 mg, showing that the crystallinity and the framework are maintained with different curcumin and Zn loadings.

• Boosting Sodium Storage of Fe1-xS/MoS2 Composite via Heterointerface Engineering

  Song Chen1, 2, Shaozhuan Huang2, Junping Hu2, Shuang Fan1, 2, Yang Shang2, Mei Er Pam2, Xiaoxia Li2, Ye Wang4, Tingting Xu4, Yumeng Shi1, 3, *, Hui Ying Yang2, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 80
  First Online: 23 September 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0311-z

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    a Schematic illustration of the synthesis process for Fe1-xS/MoS2 nanocomposite. b XRD pattern and c high-resolution XPS spectra (Fe 2p, Mo 3d, and S 2p) of Fe1-xS/MoS2 composite. d SEM, e TEM and f HRTEM images of Fe1-xS/MoS2 composite. (g) Element mappings of the Fe1-xS/MoS2 composite
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    a CV curves of Fe1-xS/MoS2 composite electrode for the first five cycles. b Galvanostatic charge-discharge profiles of Fe1-xS/MoS2 composite electrode at 100 mA g-1. c Cycling performance at 100 mA g-1. d Rate capability at various current densities. e Galvanostatic charge-discharge profiles of Fe1-xS/MoS2 composite electrode at various current densities. f The comparison of the rate capability with other iron sulfide-based anode materials previously reported [9, 12-14, 38, 55, 56]. g Long-term cycling performance at 1.0 A g-1
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    Kinetic analysis of sodium storage behavior for Fe1-xS/MoS2 composite. a Linear relationship between log (i) and log (v). b Capacitive and diffusion-controlled contribution at 1.0 mV s-1. c Normalized contribution ratio of capacitive capacities at different scan rates. d In situ EIS spectra evolution at different charge/discharge potentials. e First charge/discharge profile at 100 mA g-1 with labeled points for EIS. f EIS spectra after different cycles. g GITT curve. h The corresponding Na+ diffusion coefficient at different discharge/charge state of Fe1-xS/MoS2 composite and pure Fe1-xS electrodes
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    a Contour plots of in situ XRD results and b selected diffraction patterns of Fe1-xS/MoS2 composite electrode during the first sodiation/desodiation process
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    a Schematic illustration of Fe1-xS/MoS2 interface. b The diffusion barrier profiles of Na on Fe1-xS surface and Fe1-xS/MoS2 interface. c Proposed schematic atomistic models of the illustrated reaction mechanism for Fe1-xS/MoS2 heterostructure during the sodiation and desodiation process

• Stereolithographic 3D Printing-Based Hierarchically Cellular Lattices for High-performance Quasi-Solid Supercapacitor

  Jianzhe Xue1, Libo Gao2, 3, *, Xinkang Hu2, Ke Cao4, Wenzhao Zhou3, 5, Weidong Wang2, 3, *, Yang Lu3, 4, 5, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 46
  First Online: 1 June 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0280-2

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    Schematic illustration of the procedure for fabricating the composite lattices. a The polymeric lattices fabricated by the DMD-based DLP-3D printer. b The as-synthesized polymeric lattice. c The NiP/polymer composite lattices fabricated using electroless plating. d The rGO electrode materials electrodeposited on the composite lattices structure. e The enlarged topology view of the single octet-truss structure. f The rationally fabricated rGO with a porous structure. The ①②③ designates the pathway of the ions and electron transportation
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    Structural characterization of the metallic composite lattices. Digital images of a polymeric lattices, b NiP/polymer lattices, c rGO composite lattices. d XRD of the hollow NiP lattices, inset is the corresponding FESEM images of single hollow NiP strut. e TEM and f HRTEM images of the NiP film. g Compression test of pure polymeric and metallic composite lattices. h Large-scale fabrication of the metallic (NiP, CuP) composite lattices. i XRD patterns of GO and the final rGO
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    Hierarchically porous lattices structure. a FESEM image of the individual porous lattice. b-d SEM-EDX mapping and FESEM image of the single porous struture. e The enlarged view of the continuous porous structure. f The micro pores existed on the side wall of the rGO. g The pores produced by the stacking by the graphene sheets. h The pores made from multi-layers of the graphene. i TEM image of the graphene sheets with wrinkling and wave-like structure
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    3-electrode electrochemical performance of the rGO. a CV curves of various sample at a scan rate of 500 mV s-1. b CV curves of the rGO-2 at various scan rates from 100 to 500 mV s-1. c GCD curves of the rGO-2 at various current densities from 2 to 40 mA cm-2. d The corresponding areal capacitance of rGO-1 and rGO-2. e The EIS of rGO-1 and rGO-2. f The schematic illustration of the electrode in the process of charging and discharging
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    Electrochemical performance of the device. a Schematic illustration of the fabricated quasi-solid supercapacitor. b CV and c GCD curves of the device. d The specific capacitance of the device as a function of the current density. e Typical Ragone plots for the present symmetric system based on the full device, compared with other high-end supercapacitors. f The long cycling-stability of the device

• Recent Advances in 2D Lateral Heterostructures

  Jianwei Wang1, Zhiqiang Li1, Haiyuan Chen1, Guangwei Deng2, Xiaobin Niu1, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 48
  First Online: 05 June 2019 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0276-y

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    Tunable mechanism and synthesis method of the lateral heterostructures
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    a Heterojunction of armchair25 (9)| zigzag14 (6) GNR. The interface is of pentagon–heptagon pairs, corresponding to red and green holes in the picture. b Heterojunction of armchair20_armchair9 GNR; the edges are passivated with hydrogen atoms. c Top and side views of 5–5 black–blue phosphorene LHS with an octatomic-ring interface and a hexatomic-ring interface. The pink dashed line marks the interface region. d Simple drawing of the GNM heterostructures with circle nanoholes
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    a Model of 10-armchair GNR p-n junction; the electrode is semi-infinite 14-zigzag GNR. The gray, white, and red balls are C, H, and B atoms respectively. b Structure of H2–5zGNR–H. The blue, gray, and white balls represent N, C, and H atoms respectively. L, C, and R denote the left electrode, scattering region, and right electrode, respectively. There are two unequal A and B sub-lattices in green rectangle. The atoms are labeled as 1B… 3B… 5B, and 1A is close to 1B, 3A is close to 3B; the sequence increases from top to bottom. c Heterostructure of hydrogen (grey balls) and oxide (red balls) atoms passivated zGNR on the left and right side, respectively; the brown balls are carbon atoms. d Heterostructure of dihydrogenated zGNR (left side of the structure is passivated by two hydrogen atoms) and monohydrogenated zGNR (right side of the structure is passivated by one hydrogen atom)
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    Schematic illustration of the fabrication steps of ReSe2 wrinkles. a Prepared the elastomeric gel-film substrate. b Deposited the monolayer ReSe2 with mechanical exfoliation method. c Released the strain with different rates. d Formation of ReSe2 wrinkles, which are perpendicular to the initial axis. e Schematic diagram of graphene film, which is deposited on SiO2 nanopillars substrate. f AFM image of graphene membrane that deposits on the SiO2 nanopillars substrate. g Schematic diagram of transferring the graphene on the SiO2 nanopillars substrate, which has different density array.
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    a Atomic structure of 1S-MX2 (M = Mo/W, X = S/Se) LHS from the top views. Yellow: S, indigo: Se, red: Mo, green balls: W. b Top view of MoS2/(MX2)n LHSs, where MX2 represents MoSe2, WS2, or WSe2; n refers to the width of the substitution region. c Atomic structures of lateral graphene/BN heterostructures, which have different contact types. d Top and side view of the heterostructure of 15-aPNR/15-aGNR (aPNR is armchair phosphorene nanoribbon; aGNR is armchair graphene nanoribbon).
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    Electrical measurement of graphene/h-BN FET with current flowing a along the stripes, and b perpendicular to the stripes (Insert: C-V curves and diagram of the device). c Optical image of graphene/h-BN heterostructure with electrodes on the graphene (indicated by the dash lines) and two-terminal current-voltage curves of different devices. d Transfer and transconductance (gm) plots of graphene-MoS2 FETs at Vds=1 V. e Output plots of graphene-MoS2 FETs at gate voltage ranging from 0–5 V. f Field effect mobility of different MoS2 FETs, including as-grown, transferred MoS2, and graphene-MoS2 FETs. g Linear regression (Rsquare) in Id-Vds at different temperatures (normalized with the Id at Vds=1 V). h Measured Schottky barrier of MoS2-graphene and MoS2-metal FETs. i Noise amplitude of MoS2-graphene and MoS2-metal FETs at different Vg. j Optical image of NbS2-WS2 FET device. k Transport property of NbS2-WS2 FET. l Output plots of NbS2-WS2 FET at different backward voltages.
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    Photoresponsivity of graphene-WS2-graphene under a 0 V, b 30 V gate voltage. Photoresponsivity of FET formed by c transferring, and d CVD method. e, f Devices and band diagram of graphene-WS2-graphene FETs made by transfer and CVD method. g Diagram of photodiode built with WSe2-WS2 heterostructure. h Optical image of the photodiode in g. i Drain current of the WSe2-WS2 photodiode without light illumination. j Transport curves (Ids-Vds) under different illumination power (Vg=0). k Transport curves in voltage ranging from -0.5–0.5V. l Band alignment of the WSe2-WS2 heterostructure with zero bias.
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    a Growth processes of doped WSe2-WS2 LHS. Raman image of the sample in b-d second, and e-g third process.
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    a Schematic diagram of the synthesis of parallel stitched 2D-TMDC heterostructure. b, d, f Schematic diagrams of graphene-MoS2, WS2-MoS2, and hBN-MoS2. c, e, g Optical image and spectroscopy intensity mapping images of graphene-MoS2, WS2-MoS2, and hBN-MoS2.
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    a Schematic diagram of multistep CVD system for the growth of lateral heterostructures. b Schematic diagram of monolayer seed A, A-B heterostructure, A-B-C multi-heterostructure, and A-B-A-B superlattice. Optical image of c three-junction, and d, e five-junction MoSe2-WSe2 heterostructure; the thickness of MoSe2 can be distinguished with different color. f Optical image of seven-junction MoSe2-WSe2 heterostructure with different domain widths. g Raman and photoluminescence spectra of positions 1-4 in c. h PL intensity maps for the heterojunction in d. i Contour color plots of the normalized PL intensity of three and five junctions. j HAADF-STEM image of the sharp interface of MoSe2-WSe2 heterojunction.
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    a Illustration of the steps for the formation of MoSe2-MoS2 heterojunction. b Optical and AFM images of MoSe2 in the size of ~40 μm. c Raman maps of the nanosheet before and after the conversion process (400 pulses at 700 °C). d Raman and PL spectra of original MoSe2 and converted MoS2.
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    a Schematics illustration of laser-induced chalcogen atom exchange in H2S environment. b Raman intensity of WSe2 and WS2 under laser irradiation (523 nm, 0.7 mW) in H2S environment. c Raman spectra in different exposure time. d PL spectra in different times.

• Ultra-stable CsPbBr3 Nanosheets for X-ray Imaging Screen

  Liangling Wang1, 2, Kaifang Fu1, Ruijia Sun1, Huqiang Lian3, Xun Hu3, Yuhai Zhang1,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 52
  First Online: 24 June 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0283-z

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    a Schematic showing the synthetic procedure of ultra-stable CsPbBr3 NCs. b Reaction yield comparison between this experiment and conventional methods, such as hot injection and precipitation. The inset shows 5.75 g of as-synthesized nanosheets generated in a 100 mL-beaker. c PL QY measurements of both fresh and aged (stored in a capped vial) colloidal samples, indicating a robust storage stability. The error bar was obtained by three parallel measurements. d TEM image of the nanosheets. Scale bar represents 100 nm. e PL spectra of fresh and aged samples, showing no significant difference. f XRD pattern of self-assembled nanosheets, showing a cubic phase. The peaks marked with asterisks indicate the inter-plane spacing of assembled nanosheets
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    Phase engineering of CsPbBr3 NCs through feeding varied molar ratios of Pb/Cs. a TEM images showing morphology transformation from bulk cubes to thin nanosheets. b High-resolution TEM image of nanosheets (Pb/Cs=5/1). c XRD patterns showing a phase evolution from orthorhombic to cubic. d The magnified XRD peaks show a clear difference in peak width, indicating a shrinkage of grain size
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    a Lifetime measurement at 520 nm and b PL QY of CsPbBr3 NCs, showing a phase dependence. A 410-nm pulsed laser was used as excitation source, and the PL bands from 450 to 600 nm was monitored as emission. c TGA of nanosheets shows ample surface coverage of ligands
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    a Absorption and photoluminescence spectra of CsPbBr3 NCs, showing the PL fine-tuning ability of our synthesis. The purple stripe highlights the excitonic peak of the 3-monolayer nanosheets. b 2D pseudo-color transient emission map from CsPbBr3 nanosheets colloid (Pb/Cs=5/1). Streak camera measurement was conducted under excitation at 410 nm, flux at 1 pJ cm-2. c PL decay traces extracted at 460-nm and 510-nm window (± 5 nm)
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    X-ray scintillation screen based on CsPbBr3 nanosheets. a Radioluminescence spectra of thin films with varied thickness. The inset shows a semi-transparent thin-film sample of a flat surface. Radioluminescent image of b a crack-free screen and c a cracked screen. d Photograph and e X-ray image of a SIM card

• Ultrathin and Flexible CNTs/MXene/Cellulose Nanofibrils Composite Paper for Highly Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding in X-Band

  Wentao Cao1,2, Chang Ma2, Shuo Tan1, Mingguo Ma2, *, Pengbo Wan3, *, Feng Chen1, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 72
  First Online: 07 September 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0304-y

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    a Schematic illustrating the fabrication of CMC GS composite paper. b Digital image, c XPS spectra, and d TEM image of Ti3C2 MXene. e Digital image, and f, g TEM images of CNTs. h Digital image, i FTIR spectra, and j TEM image of CNFs. k-m Digital images of the as-prepared CMC GS composite paper
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    a XPS survey spectrum of the pure Ti3C2 paper and Ti3C2-CNTs composite paper. b XRD patterns of the Ti3C2-CNTs composite paper with different Ti3C2 content. c, d N2 sorption/desorption isotherms and pore size distribution curves of pure Ti3C2 paper and Ti3C2-CNTs composite paper. e Top-view, and f cross-sectional SEM images of pure Ti3C2 paper. g Top-view, and h cross-sectional SEM images of Ti3C2-CNTs composite paper. i Cross-sectional SEM and EDS mapping images of CMC GS composite paper
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    a Tensile stress-strain curves of the pure Ti3C2 MXene, CMC mixture, and CMC GS composite paper b SEM image and the corresponding EDS map of the fracture surface of CMC GS composite paper. c Schematic illustration of the crack-propagation mode of CMC GS composite paper. d, e Electrical resistance variation of CMC GS composite paper with bending test
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    a Digital images of single-layered CNFs, CM-5, CM-10, and CM-15. b Electrical conductivity, and c EMI SE of single-layered CNFs, CM-5, CM-10, and CM-15 in the X-band region. d Comparison of SETotal, SEA, and SER of single-layered CNFs, CM-5, CM-10, and CM-15 at the frequency of 8.2 GHz
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    a The EMI SE of composite paper with different sandwich structure in the X-band. b Comparison of SETotal, SEA, and SER of composite paper with different sandwich structure. c The EMI SE of CM-CNFs-CM composite paper with various CNFs content in the X-band. The d EMI SE, e R, and f A of evenly distributed CM composite paper and two-layered CM composite paper with different gradient structures in the X-band
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    a The EMI SE of randomly mixed CMC paper and CMC GS composite paper in the X-band. b The A of CMC GS composite paper with different gradient structures. c Proposed EMI shielding mechanism of the CMC GS composite paper. d Comparison of the specific EMI shielding effectiveness as a function of thickness. The numbers inside d are sample numbers listed in Table S2

• Surface Passivation of Perovskite Solar Cells toward Improved Efficiency and Stability

  Zhiqi Li1, Jiajun Dong2, Chunyu Liu1, Jiaxin Guo1, Liang Shen1, Wenbin Guo1, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 50
  First Online: 07 June 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0282-0

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    a Device structure used in this study; bCross-sectional SEM image of the full device, including a TTC interlayer (scale bar: 100 nm); c XRD spectra of the pristine and perovskite films with TTC, C60, and TTC/C60 layer; d The UV-Vis spectra of the perovskite films with different passivation layers
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    Top-view SEM and AFM images of a the normal perovskite and the perovskite with b TTC, c C60, and d TTC/C60 (Scale bar: 100 nm); e TRPL and f PL spectra of corresponding films on ITO substrate
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    a J-V characteristics of the devices without and with TTC; b statistics of PCE distribution for devices without and with TTC (a batch of 32 solar cells); c EQE and integrated current curves of devices without and with TTC; current-voltage hysteresis curves of the devices d with TTC layers and e without TTC layers; f steady-state measurement of Jsc and PCE for the devices without and with TTC layers; g energy band level diagram of the corresponding materials used in PVSCs; h J-V characteristics of devices without and with TTC in dark; i J-V characteristics of electron-only devices without and with TTC, the structures of electron-only device are inserted
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    a Device stability of control and TTC-based PVSCs; the contact angles of different films: b perovskite, c perovskite/C60, d perovskite/TTC, and e perovskite/TTC/C60

• Graphene Array based Anti-fouling Solar Vapour Gap Membrane Distillation with High Energy Efficiency

  Biyao Gong1, Huachao Yang1, Shenghao Wu1, Guoping Xiong2, Jianhua Yan1, Kefa Cen1, Zheng Bo1, *, Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov3, 4	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 51
  First Online: 10 June 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0281-1

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    Solar vapour gap membrane distillation (SVGMD): enabling concept, key features, and operational principle. a-c Summary of the key features: a Free-standing light absorber consisting interconnected skeleton and light-absorbing nanomaterials; b Formation of thin water layer with self-suction and localized heating. c Solar vapour in the gap which separates the membrane from the water. d Schematic of SVGMD. Superhydrophilic light absorber ensures fast water suction. Under solar illumination, localized heat transfer leads to the efficient generation of solar vapour in the gap, which passes through the membrane and condenses with the distillate flow. e Demonstrating the SVGMD concept and scalable water purification system with high solar-water energy efficiency, excellent anti-fouling performance, and stable permeate flux
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    Free-standing, multifunctional P-G-Nifoam layer for solar energy absorption, water transport, and solar vapour generation. a Optical image of the P-G-Nifoam. SEM image of b microporous structure of P-G-Nifoam and c, d graphene array before and after PEDOT-PSS coating. e Fluidic transport across the P-G-Nifoam in 180 s. f Flow height along with time. Inset: the static water contact angle measurement of P-G-Nifoam. g IR images of P-G-Nifoam as a function of time at an illumination of 1 kW m-2. h Surface temperature of P-G-Nifoam as a function of time at an illumination of 1 kW m-2. i Experimental absorption spectra of P-G-Nifoam in the wavelength range of 200-2,600 nm. All tests were performed at a room temperature and atmospheric pressure
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    Record-high solar-water efficiency in SVGMD and its excellent performance in desalination of natural seawater and salty brine and purification of mineral oil-contaminated water. a Schematic of SVGMD with the solar simulator. b The temperature of vapour in the gap and bulk water in the tank as a function of time at an illumination of 1 kW m-2. c Comparison of energy efficiency between current work and previous studies. d The energy balance and heat transfer in SVGMD
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    Two main applications for long-term, effective desalination and purification. a The permeate flux and salt rejection of SVGMD for natural seawater (3.25 wt%) and two kinds of salty brine (9.85 and 16.7 wt%) at an illumination of 1 kW m-2. b The permeate flux and TOC level of purified water of SVGMD when processing mineral oil contaminated water at an illumination of 1 kW m-2. c-e Optical images of PVDF membrane c, after processing mineral oil contaminated water in the conventional MD over 1 h d and in the SVGMD system over 72 h e. The error bar comes from three repeated tests. All tests were performed at a room temperature and atmospheric pressure
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    Scaled SVGMD module demonstrates excellent performance in desalination of mineral oil/seawater mixtures under real-world conditions. a Scaled SVGMD system with different components of the system marked with arrows. b Schematic of the SVGMD system. For experiments with solar concentration, a 30 × 30 cm2 Fresnel lens is used to concentrate sunlight on the P-G-Nifoam surface by a factor of 12. c The daily permeate water of outdoor solar experiments with 12x solar magnification. The inset is the concentrations of five primary ions before (mineral oil/seawater mixtures) and after desalination (permeate water). d Salt rejection performance and TOC level of permeate water with seawater mixtures/mineral oil (1 g L-1 mineral oil with natural seawater). The inset shows a typical mineral oil/seawater mixture

• Moth-eye Structured Polydimethylsiloxane Films for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells

  Min-cheol Kim1, 2,⊥, Segeun Jang3,⊥, Jiwoo Choi1, 2, Seong Min Kang4,*, Mansoo Choi1, 2,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 53
  First Online: 25 June 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0284-y

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    Representative schematic images of a completed PSC with moth-eye layer and b PSC configuration. c Fabrication of the hexagonally-packed moth-eye array on a silicon wafer. d Replication of the master structure by successive coating and thermal curing of h-PDMS and s-PDMS. e Completed moth-eye PDMS film. f Spincoating deposition of PTAA hole transport layer on ITO/glass substrate. g Spincoating deposition of PbI2 thin film. h Fabrication of perovskite layer by additional spincoating of FAI/MABr/MACl solution in IPA. i Deposition of C60/BCP electron transporting layer on Cu metal electrode
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    FIB-assisted cross-sectional SEM images of a 300-nm moth-eye PDMS film, b 1000-nm moth-eye PDMS film, and c PSC configuration imaged in BSE mode. d AFM image and line profile of 300-nm moth-eye PDMS film. Digital camera images of e completed PSC device, f PSC with 300-nm moth-eye PDMS film, g PSC with 1000-nm moth-eye PDMS film, and (h) detachment of 300-nm moth-eye PDMS pad from PSC
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    a Transmittance and b reflectance spectra of the prepared samples. Schematic refractive index profiles of the c ITO/glass substrate and d moth-eye PDMS film/ITO/glass substrate. e Digital camera image demonstrating the antireflective effect of the 300-nm moth-eye PDMS film
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    a Measured J-V curves and b external quantum efficiency spectra for the perovskite photovoltaic devices with the highest performance. Photovoltaic parameters of the reference device and the PSC made with a 300-nm moth-eye PDMS pad are shown in the inset of a. c J-V curves for reference perovskite photovoltaic and devices made with 300 nm and 1000-nm moth-eye PDMS pads. d Measured enhancement of photovoltaic parameters in PSCs made with 300-nm and 1000-nm moth-eye PDMS pads relative to the reference device

• In-situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies of Nanoscale Electrocatalysts

  Maoyu Wang1, Líney Árnadóttir1, Zhichuan J. Xu2, Zhenxing Feng1, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 47
  First Online: 3 June 2019 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0277-x

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    a schematic of incident and transmitted X-ray beam. b Schematic of XAS including the pre-edge, XANES, and EXAFS regions. c Schematic of the X-ray absorption process and electron excited process, the black circle is electrons. d Schematic of interference pattern creating by the outgoing (solid black lines) and reflected (dashed blue lines) photoelectron waves between absorbing atom (grey) and its nearest atoms (purple)
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    a Schematic of the experiment setup for three different XAS detection modes: transmission, fluorescence, and electron yield mode. b Photo of a real electrochemical cell for in-situ XAS experiment setup. c Schematic structure of the electrochemical cell for in-situ XAS setup experiments.
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    In-situ XANES for Pt L3 edge of carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles at potentials a ascending from 0.41 to 1.51 V and b descending from 1.51 to 0.41 V in 1 M HClO4. Also shown (yellowish green dashed line) is ex-situ XANES from commercial PtO2. Three distinct isosbestic points are observed at 11.573, 11.603, and 11.624 keV as designated by arrows. c Fourier transform of k3-weighted Pt-LIII edge EXAFS oscillation of Pt foil, PtCo, PtCu, PtNi alloy foils, Pt/C, PtCo/C, PtCo/C-HTs, PtCu/C, PtCu/C-HT, and PtNi/C at 0.4 V vs RHE. d Fourier transforms of Zn K-edge EXAFS spectra of the PorZn catalyst electrode at different potentials (V vs. SHE). ZnO and Zn are used as references.
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    Comparison of experimental and simulated C K-edge NEXAFS spectra for 2-H porphine adsorbed on Ag(111) and Cu(111).
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    a The relation of interatomic distance between atom (Oh) and atom (Td) in spinel structure. b Co K-edge EXAFS spectra for Co3O4, the interatomic distances are shorter than the actual values owing to the fact that Fourier transform (FT) spectra were not phase-corrected. EXAFS k3χ(R) spectra (gray circles) and fitting results (solid lines) of MnCo2O4 at c Mn and d Co K-edge.
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    Cu nanocrystal model and its size-dependent Cu-Cu CNs for the first three shells of nearest neighbors. a A five-shell cuboctahedral Cu nanocrystal model. b Size-dependent Cu-Cu CNs for the first three shells of nearest neighbors for a cuboctahedral Cu nanocrystal. c Fitting results of the EXAFS spectra of the CuPc catalyst at different potentials in CO2-saturated 0.5 M aqueous KHCO3. Fitted R-space. d First-shell Cu–Cu CNs of the CuPc catalyst at different potentials. The upper left inset shows the CuPc crystal structure, and the lower right inset illustrates a possible configuration of the Cu nanoclusters generated under the electrocatalytic conditions. Color key: green—C; blue—N; pink—Cu. Error bars represent the uncertainty of CN determination from the EXAFS analysis.
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    a Co K-edge EXAFS data and fits (orange). b Fe K-edge EXAFS spectra for chemically Fe-doped ZIF before and after thermal activation. Wavelet transforms for the c Co-NG and d Co-G. The location of the maximum A shifts from 3.2 Å−1 for Co-G to 3.4 Å−1 for Co-NG, indicating the presence of Co-N bonding in Co-NG. The vertical dashed lines are provided to guide the eye.
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    K-edge XANES spectra of a Mn in MnFe2O4, b Co in CoFe2O4, c Ni in NiFe2O4, and d Fe in Fe3O4 under various applied potentials. e Schematic of the surface reaction of the Ru atoms. R-space graphs as a function of applied potential f without (blue) and g with (red) CH3OH. Dotted line placed at ca. 1.4 Å signifying a reference point for the oxygen peaks.

• Charge Engineering of Mo2C@defect-rich N-doped Carbon Nanosheets for Efficient Electrocatalytic H2 Evolution

  Chunsheng Lei1, 2, Wen Zhou1, 2, Qingguo Feng3, Yongpeng Lei1, 4, *, Yi Zhang4, Yin Chen4, Jiaqian Qin5	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 45
  First Online: 1 June 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0279-8

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    The a top and b side view of Mo-terminated Mo2C@N-doped graphene with pyridinic-N dopant; the c top and d side view of C-terminated Mo2C@N doped graphene with pyridinic-N dopant; the charge distribution of e the unpaired electron of pyridinic-N-doped graphene; and f Mo-terminated Mo2C@N doped graphene with pyridinic-N dopant. The N atom is circled in red. The locations of charge accumulation on graphene are circled in yellow.
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    a Illustration of the synthesis route, b XRD pattern, c Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, and d the corresponding pore size distribution curves of MoNCs
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    a TEM and b HRTEM images of MoNCs. Inset in (a) shows the optical photograph of Mo2C; inset in b shows the size distribution of Mo2C. c High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and d–f corresponding elemental mapping images. g Curve-fitting result of the Raman spectrum and the h Mo 3d and i N 1s XPS spectra of MoNCs
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    a LSV curves of a series of samples measured in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. Scan rate: 2 mV s-1. b The corresponding Tafel plots. c The overpotentials delivered at 10 mA cm-2 of Mo-based electrocatalysts in recent years. d CV curves of MoNCs. Inset shows the capacitive current measured at 0.10 V vs. RHE. e Stability test for MoNCs by CV scanning; inset shows the time-dependent current density curve at a static overpotential of 157 mV for 10 h
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    CV curves of a MoNCs-0, b MoNCs-1, and c MoNCs-5. d The capacitive current of those four catalysts measured at 0.10 V vs. RHE is plotted as a function of scan rate

• Flexible Tactile Electronic Skin with Three-dimensional Force Sensing Capability based on Microstructured CNTs/PDMS Nanocomposite

  Xuguang Sun1, 2, ‡, Jianhai Sun1, ‡, Tong Li1, Shuaikang Zheng1, 2, Chunkai Wang1, 2, Wenshuo Tan1, 2, Jingong Zhang3, Chang Liu1, Tianjun Ma1, Zhimei Qi1, Chunxiu Liu1, *, Ning Xue1, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 57
  First Online: 16 July 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0288-7

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    a Dismantling structure schematic diagram of the tactile sensor array and one single element. b-d Cross section diagrams of a tactile sensor element under initial state, normal force state and tangential force state respectively. e Photograph of the sensor array attached to a curved surface
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    a Schematic of the fabrication details of flexible tactile sensor array. b, c SEM images in top view of surface structure of nanocomposites at different magnifications. d Side view of the nanocomposite film with double-sided rough surface. e, f SEM images of porous structures in the nanocomposite at high magnification. g Magnified view of individual MWNTs in nanocomposite
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    a Current-Voltage curves of the sensor from -5 to 5 V under various pressures. b Detection of human wrist pulses. c Monitoring human finger bending. d-f Detection of different speech pronunciation and cough vibration. g Detection of micro-pressure of 25 mg and 5 mg. h Detection of local weak airflow
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    a Resistance response and pressure sensitivity of the tactile sensor under normal pressure. The error bars represent standard deviations. b, c Resistance responses and sensitivities of different cells beneath the bump in one element under normal pressure and tangential forces in x direction and -x direction. d Response curves of cells under tangential forces in 45° direction. e Resistance change of each cell to angles in XOY plane (0°≤ θ ≤180°), applied forces F= 0.2 and 0.5 N. f Absolute change of resistance difference of corresponding cells to angles in XOZ plane (-90°≤ α ≤90°), applied force F=0.1 N. RC1, RC2, RC3, and RC4 represent the resistance of Cell 1, Cell 2, Cell 3, and Cell 4, respectively
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    a The dynamic voltage response of the sensor under repeated various pressures. b Response and recovery time with 5 kPa loading and unloading. c Dynamic voltage responses of four cells with continuous loading and unloading of 0.02 N. d Good repeatability and durability after continuous about 4000 pressing-releasing cycles. e Voltage responses of different cells in the same row under a finger sliding. f-h Pressure distribution of sensor array with quantitative color under the case of double points pressing, circle pressing, and diagonal pressing

• Manganese-Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks-90 with High Blood Circulation Stability for Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Tumor Therapy

  Zhenqi Jiang1, 3, †, Bo Yuan1, †, Nianxiang Qiu1, Yinjie Wang1, 3, Li Sun1, 3, Zhenni Wei1, Yanyin Li1, 3, Jianjun Zheng2, Yinhua Jin2, Yong Li1, Shiyu Du1, Juan Li1, *, Aiguo Wu1, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 61
  First Online: 23 July 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0292-y

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    Schematic of bio-application and potential mechanism of APT-Mn-ZIF-90/5-Fu for tumor therapy and the binding mode of APT with Y1R. After intravenous injection, the APT-Mn-ZIF-90/5-Fu reduces drug release during blood circulation and triggers fast drug release with low pH and high adenosine triphosphate conditions in the tumor microenvironment for MRI-guided tumor therapy. The binding mode of APT with Y1R is shown on the lower right side; Y1R is shown in cartoon representation. APT (green carbons) and receptor residues (pink carbons) involved in the ligand binding are shown as sticks. The H-bonds are represented by the yellow dashed lines
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    a Schematic of APT-Mn-ZIF-90/5-Fu preparation process; b SEM and c TEM images of Mn-ZIF-90; d Dynamic light scattering of APT-Mn-ZIF-90 in culture medium at 37 °C; e PXRD results of ZIF-90, Mn-ZIF-90, APT-Mn-ZIF-90/5-Fu and 5-Fu; f XPS pattern of Mn-ZIF-90 and ZIF-90 NPs; g Drug-loading content of APT-Mn-ZIF-90 for different stirring times. Mean ± SD (n=3); h STEM elemental mapping of Zn, Mn, C, N, O, and EDS spectrum for Mn-ZIF-90
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    Cellular uptake of NPs in MCF-7 cells. a LSCM images of RhB-loaded Mn-ZIF-90 and APT-Mn-ZIF-90 incubated with MCF-7 cells for 8 h, and the RhB 123 was used as a mitochondrion tracker; b Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of MCF-7 cells incubated with NPs for 8 h, and followed by flow cytometric analysis; c XRFM images of Cl, Zn, and Mn in MCF-7 cells incubated with NPs for 8 h; d the concentration of Mn2+ in MCF-7 cells after incubating with different concentrations of NPs for 24 h. Mean ± SD (n=3), ** p<0.01
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    a Cumulative release of 5-Fu from NPs in different environments (pH 7.4 + 10% FBS and pH 5.5) for 24 h in 37 °C in vitro; b Cell viability of APT-Mn-ZIF-90 incubated with MCF-7 cells for 24 h; c Cell inhibition effect and d IC50 values of 5-Fu, Mn-ZIF-90/5-Fu, and APT-Mn-ZIF-90/5-Fu after incubation with MCF-cells for 24 h. Mean ± SD (n=3), ** p<0.01
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    a, b Serum biochemistry data of healthy mice after intravenous injection of APT-Mn-ZIF-90 for 7 days at different concentrations; c Blood routine analysis. Blood levels of MCH, WBC, HGB, RBC, MCHC, and PLT of healthy mice after APT-Mn-ZIF-90 injection after 7 days at different concentrations; d Biodistribution and e excretion profiles of Mn2+ after treatment with APT-Mn-ZIF-90 at different times. Mean ± SD (n=3)
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    H&E staining of major organs of mice 7 days post-injection of PBS and different concentrations of Mn-ZIF-90 or APT-Mn-ZIF-90. (Scale bar = 100 μm)
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    a In vitro T1-weighted MR images of APT-Mn-ZIF-90 at different concentrations; b T1 relaxation rate of APT-Mn-ZIF-90; c T1-weighted MR images of MCF-7 tumor-bearing nude mice after intravenous injection of PBS, Mn-ZIF-90, and APT-Mn-ZIF-90 at 24 h, the tumor is marked by the red circle. d Average gray value of tumor from the T1-weighted images; e Biodistribution of Mn in major organs and tumor after injection for 24 h. Mean ± SD (n=3), ** p<0.01
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    a Blood concentration of 5-Fu at different time points after intravenous injection of 5-Fu, Mn-ZIF-90/5-Fu, and APT-Mn-ZIF-90/5-Fu, with 5-Fu concentration of 8 mg/kg. The pharmacokinetics of 5-Fu follows the three-compartment model. Mean ± SD (n=3); b Relative tumor volume, c body weight, and d survival rate of tumor-bearing mice after treatment with PBS, 5-Fu, Mn-ZIF-90/5-Fu, and APT-Mn-ZIF-90/5-Fu, with 5-Fu concentration of 8 mg/kg. Mean ± SD (n=5), ** p<0.01; e Photograph of tumor-bearing mice 14 days post-injection; f H&E staining of tumors for one treatment after 24 h (scale bar = 100 μm)
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    H&E staining of major organs of MCF-7 tumor-bearing mice after treatment for 14 days. The metastasis are marked by the red cycle in the liver (scale bar = 100 μm)

• Advances in Tin-Based Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

  Shulin Zhao1, Sheng Li1, Tao Guo1, Shuaishuai Zhang1, Jing Wang1, Yuping Wu1,* Yuhui Chen1, *	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 62
  First Online: 29 July 2019 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0293-x

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    Possible reaction pathways for electrocatalytic CO2ER on the Sn-based catalysts in aqueous solutions
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    a Volcano plot using •COOH binding energy as a descriptor for CO partial current density at -0.9 V (vs. RHE). b Volcano plot using •OCHO binding energy as a descriptor for HCOO- partial current density at -0.9 V (vs. RHE).
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    a Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of Sn-modified N-doped carbon nanofiber electrocatalysts. b High-resolution Sn3d XPS spectra for AD-Sn/N-C1000 and Sn-CF1000. c FEs and partial current densities of three products on Sn-CF1000 at -0.8 V (vs. RHE) in CO2-saturated KHCO3 solution with different concentrations.
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    a Illustration of the fabrication process of CuxO-Sn NWs. b XRD patterns of Cu foil, Cu(OH)2, CuxO, and CuxO-Sn. c Typical SEM images of CuxO-Sn NWs. d STEM elemental mapping results of CuxO-Sn NWs. e Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) curves in 0.1 M KHCO3 solution for CO2 electroreduction on Cu NWs and Cu-Sn NWs. f Comparison of the FE of CO at different potentials between Cu NWs and Cu-Sn NWs. g Potential dependent CO FE for Cu, Cu-Sn, Cu-Au, and Cu-Au-Sn NWs.
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    a TEM images and size distributions of the NPs in Pd/C and PdSn/C. b XRD patterns of the catalysts with different Sn contents. c Relative intensity ratios of Pd0/PdII and Sn0/SnIV versus the molar ratios of Pd/Sn.
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    a Synthesis of AgSn/SnOx core-shell catalysts. b HAADF-STEM image of Ag76Sn24. c-f EELS mapping of the selected region showing the elemental distribution of Sn, Ag, O, and their overlay. g CO2 reduction Faradaic efficiencies of AgSn/SnOx catalysts with different Sn concentrations. h FE of Ag76Sn24 catalyst for CO, formate, and H2.
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    a SEM image of the WIT SnO2 nanofibers. b High resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of the WIT SnO2 nanofibers with a high density of GBs. c, d HRTEM images of SnO2 nanoparticles.
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    a Schematic illustration of the surfactant-induced 2D assembly of confined space with TNS and SnO2 nanoparticles. b Schematic illustration of 2D TNS-SnO2 assembly with different interlayer spacings for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. c XRD patterns of TNS-0.9-SnO2, TNS-2.0-SnO2, and TNS-3.0-SnO2. d HRTEM of TNS-2.0-SnO2.
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    a TEM image of 5%Ni-SnS2 nanosheets. b HAADF-STEM and STEM-EDS elemental mapping images of individual 5%Ni-SnS2 nanosheets. c FEs for formate production over pristine SnS2 and Ni-doped SnS2 nanosheets. d Long-term stability performance of 5%Ni-SnS2 nanosheets at -0.9 V (vs. RHE) for 8 h.

• Electrostatic Self-Assembly of 0D-2D SnO2 Quantum Dots/Ti3C2Tx MXene Hybrids as Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

  Huan Liu1, #, Xin Zhang2, #, Yifan Zhu2, Bin Cao2, Qizhen Zhu2, Peng Zhang2, Bin Xu2,*, Feng Wu1, Renjie Chen1,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 65
  First Online: 02 August 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0296-7

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    Schematic illustration for the preparation of 0D-2D SnO2 QDs/MXene hybrids
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    a SEM image, b TEM image and c HRTEM image of 0D-2D SnO2 QDs/MXene hybrid; d SAED patterns of SnO2 QDs; e STEM image and corresponding elemental mapping images of Ti, C, Sn, and O
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    a XRD patterns and b Raman spectra of MXene, SnO2, and SnO2 QDs/MXene hybrid; XPS spectra of c MXene for high-resolution C 1s, d Ti 1s and e SnO2 QDs/MXene-52 for high-resolution C 1s, f Ti 1s
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    Electrochemical performances as anode in LIBs. a, b CV curves of SnO2 QDs/MXene at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s-1 in 0.01-2.5 V; c, d charge/discharge curves of SnO2 QDs/MXene at 50 mA g-1
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    a Cycle stability and b rate performance of all the samples as LIB electrodes; c comparison of rate capacity between the SnO2 QDs/MXene-52 and other MXene-based electrode materials reported for LIBs; d Nyquist plots of the SnO2 QDs/MXene-52 and the pure SnO2 electrodes; e energy-storage mechanism the 0D-2D SnO2 QDs/MXene hybrids

• High-performance Na-ion Storage of S-doped Porous Carbon Derived from Conjugated Microporous Polymers

  Yuquan Li1, †, Bin Ni1, †, Xiaodan Li2, Xianghui Wang1, *, Dafeng Zhang3, Qingfei Zhao5, Jinliang Li2, *, Ting Lu1, 4, *, Wenjie Mai2, Likun Pan1	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 60
  First Online: 17 July 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0291-z

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    SEM images of a SC-600, b SC-700, c SC-800, and d SC-900. The insets show the corresponding magnified SEM images. e EDS elemental mapping of SC-800. f HRTEM image of SC-800. The inset shows the average interlayer distance at the electronic scale
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    a XRD patterns and b Raman spectra of SC-600, SC-700, SC-800, and SC-900. c XPS C 1s profile of SC-800. d XPS S 2p profiles. e Nitrogen sorption isotherms and f pore-size distributions of SC-600, SC-700, SC-800, and SC-900
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    a CV curves and b charge/discharge profiles of SC-800. c Electrochemical impedance spectra, d cycling performance, e Coulombic efficiencies, f rate performance, and g long-term cycling performance of SC-600, SC-700, SC-800, and SC-900
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    a Long-term cycling performance and b rate performance of other S-doped C-based materials for comparison
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    Possible Na-ion storage mechanism for SCs
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    Ex situ XPS profiles of SC-600 in different states during the initial charge/discharge cycle: a corresponding voltage states; b Na 1s, c C 1s, and d S 2p XPS profiles
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    a CV curves of SC-800 at different sweep rates after cycling. b Relationship between log(i) and log(v) for SC-800. c Voltammetric response (1.0 mV s-1) for SC-800 and d contributions of the capacitive and diffusion-controlled charges at different sweep rates

• Flexible Conductive Anodes Based on 3D Hierarchical Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO Network for Sodium-Ion Batteries

  Linqu Luo1, Jianjun Song1, *, Longfei Song1, Hongchao Zhang1, Yicheng Bi2, Lei Liu3, Longwei Yin4, Fengyun Wang1, *, Guoxiu Wang5, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 63
  First Online: 01 August 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0294-9

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    Schematic illustration of the formation process of Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO flexible electrodes
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    Morphology and Microstructure characterizations of Sn/N-CNFs and Sn/NS CNFs@rGO. a, b SEM images of Sn/N-CNF; c TEM and d HRTEM images of Sn/N CNFs. e Low-magnification and f high-magnification SEM images of Sn/NS CNFs@rGO. g TEM and h HRTEM images of Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO. i Dark-field image of the Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO and the corresponding EDS elemental mapping of C, N, Sn and S, illustrating homogeneous distribution of C, N, Sn, and S atoms along the nanofiber body
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    a XRD patterns and b Raman spectra of Sn/N-CNFs, Sn/NS-CNFs, Sn/N CNFs@rGO, and Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO. High resolution XPS spectra of c Sn 3d, d C 1s, e N 1s, and f S 2p
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    a Cyclic voltammograms for the first three cycles of a Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO electrode at a scanning rate of 0.2 mV s-1. b The first three galvanostatic discharge/charge voltage profiles of a Sn/NS CNFs@rGO electrode at 100 mA g-1. c Cycling performance of Sn/N CNFs, Sn/NS-CNFs, Sn/N-CNFs@rGO, and Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO electrodes at a current density of 100 mA g-1 in the voltage range of 0.01-2.0 V vs Na+/Na. d Rate capabilities of the Sn/N CNFs, Sn/NS-CNFs, Sn/N-CNFs@rGO, and Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO electrodes at various current densities. e Galvanostatic discharge-charge profiles of the Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO at different rates. f Comparison of the specific capacities of various Sn-based anode materials at different current densities. g Long-term cycling performance of a Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO electrode at 1000 mA g-1, and the corresponding Coulombic efficiency
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    a CV profiles of Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO at various scan rate. b Plots of (log i) versus (log υ). c Capacitive contribution in the CV curve (shaded region) of Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO obtained at 4 mV s-1. d Capacitive contribution in the CV profiles obtained at various scan rates
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    a, b Ex situ SEM and c, d ex situ TEM images of a Sn/NS-CNFs@rGO electrode after discharging/charging at 3 A g-1 for 1000 cycles, and the insets are digital photos of flexibles Sn/NS CNFs@rGO electrodes after discharging/charging at 3 A g-1 for 1000 cycles. e Schematic illustration of the enhanced sodium-ion and electron transportation mechanisms of Sn/NS CNFs@rGO

• Bifunctional Electrocatalysts Based on Mo-doped NiCoP Nanosheet Arrays for Overall Water Splitting

  Jinghuang Lin1, Yaotian Yan1, Chun Li1, Xiaoqing Si1, Haohan Wang1, Junlei Qi1,*, Jian Cao2, Zhengxiang Zhong3, Weidong Fei1, Jicai Feng1	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 55
  First Online: 13 July 2019 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-019-0289-6

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    Schematic fabrication process of Mo-doped NiCoP and E-Mo-NiCoP nanosheet arrays directly on carbon cloth
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    SEM images of a, b NiCoP and c, d Mo-NiCoP-3. e TEM, f HRTEM, and g the corresponding element mapping in Mo-NiCoP-3. XPS h Ni 2p and i Co 2p spectra in NiCoP and Mo-NiCoP-3. XPS j P 2p and k Mo 3d spectra in Mo-NiCoP-3
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    a Polarization curves, b the corresponding Tafel slope plots and c the current density against scan rates of obtained samples. d Consecutive multi-step chronoamperometric tests for Mo-NiCoP-3 (without iR correction). e Chronopotentiometry measurements for Mo-NiCoP-3 (without iR correction). f The Nyquist plots of obtained samples
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    a Polarization curves and b the current density against scan rates of E-Mo-NiCoP-3 with different activation cycles as indicated. c, d SEM, e TEM, f HRTEM, g SAED, and h the corresponding element mapping of E-Mo-NiCoP-3
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    a Polarization curves, b the corresponding Tafel slope plots, and c the current density against scan rates of obtained samples after electrochemical activation. d Consecutive multi-step chronoamperometric tests for E-Mo-NiCoP-3 (without iR correction). e Chronopotentiometry measurements for E-Mo-NiCoP-3 (without iR correction). f The Nyquist plots of obtained samples after electrochemical activation
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    a Polarization curves of obtained samples for overall water splitting. b The comparison of measured and calculated voltages for overall water splitting. c Long-term stability at constant current densities of 10, 20, and 50 mA cm-2