Volume 9, Issue 4 (2017)

• Regulating Charge and Exciton Distribution in High-Performance Hybrid White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with n-Type Interlayer Switch

  Dongxiang Luo1, Yanfeng Yang1, Ye Xiao1, Yu Zhao1, Yibin Yang1, Baiquan Liu2,3,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 37
  First Online: 26 January 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0138-4

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    (a) SEM image of a 100 um long stripe sample. The arrow shows the motion direction of electrons under test; (b) Plot of the failure current densities of Pd stripes; (c) Failure current densities of Sc stripes; (d) Failure current densities of Y stripes.
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    (a)-(d) Resistivity versus time under increasing working current in Pd, Sc, Y and Au stripes, respectively. The environment temperature is kept at 300 K.
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    (a)-(d) SEM images of the same Pd stripe (2.42 um wide, 300 um long) before and after it has been running a working current for long time. (a) original morphology; (b) after running a current of 11 mA (corresponding to a current density of 5.93 MA/cm2) for 4 hours; (c) after subsequently running a working current of 15 mA (corresponding to a current density of 8.09 MA/cm2) for 1 more hour, causing break at the center of the stripe; (d) A close look at the broken region as highlighted in (c), showing melting-like morphology.
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    The surface morphology change of a Pd stripe (2.42 um wide, 300 um long) before and after it is broken at the central region after running a working current of density of 5.93 MA/cm2 for 4 hours then 8.09 MA/cm2 for 1 hour. (a)- (b) The same Pd strip at the cathode region. (c)- (d) The same Pd strip at the anode region.
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    Morphology changes in Sc (a & b), Y (c), and Au (d & e) stripes before and after failure of the sample. Electromigration induced voids can clearly be seen in Y (c) and Au stripes (d & e) after the failure occurs. For the Sc stripe (a & b), it has been running a working current of 9.3 mA (corresponding to a current density of 5.47 MA/cm2) for 5 hours. For the Au stripe (d & e), it has been running a working current of 31.5 mA (corresponding to a current density of 30.8 MA/cm2) for 0.3 hours.

• Effect of rGO Coating on Interconnected Co3O4 Nanosheets and Improved Supercapacitive Behavior of Co3O4/rGO/NF Architecture

  Tinghui Yao1, Xin Guo1, Shengchun Qin1, Fangyuan Xia1, Qun Li1, Yali Li1, Qiang Chen2, Junshuai Li1,*, Deyan He1,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 38
  First Online: 26 January 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0141-9

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    Schematic of the synthesis procedures of Co3O4/rGO/NF (top) and Co3O4/NF (bottom)
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    XRD patterns of a Co(OH)2/rGO/NF and b rGO/NF, Co3O4/NF, and Co3O4/rGO/NF. c Micro-Raman spectra of rGO/NF, Co3O4/NF, and Co3O4/rGO/NF composites
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    Top-view SEM images of a rGO/NF, b Co3O4/NF, and c Co3O4/rGO/NF. d N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of Co3O4/rGO/NF and Co3O4/NF. The inset in d shows the pore size distribution of both samples
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    a Low- and b high-magnification TEM images, c SAED patterns of a Co3O4 nanosheet taken from Co3O4/rGO/NF. d STEM image, and elemental mapping images of e and f Co and g O
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    a CV curves of NF, rGO/NF, Co3O4/NF, and Co3O4/rGO/NF composites at 3 mV s-1. b Charge-discharge curves of NF, rGO/NF, Co3O4/NF, and Co3O4/rGO/NF composites at 5 mA cm-2. Charge-discharge curves of c Co3O4/NF and d Co3O4/rGO/NF at different current densities. e Cycling performance of Co3O4/rGO/NF at a current density of 7 A g-1 (the inset is a top-view SEM image of Co3O4/rGO/NF after the 3000 cycles shown in (e). f Nyquist plots of Co3O4/rGO/NF and Co3O4/NF

• Efficient and Air-Stable Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Formed on Graphene-Oxide-Modified PEDOT:PSS Hole Transport Layer

  Hui Luo1, Xuanhuai Lin1, Xian Hou1, Likun Pan1, Sumei Huang1, Xiaohong Chen1,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 39
  First Online: 06 February 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0140-x

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    SEM images of PEDOT:PSS modified without a and with b GO pieces. The inset is the high magnification of GO on ITO surface. c Normalized XPS spectra S 2p of PEDOT:PSS surface with and without GO modification
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    SEM images of perovskite growth on a PEDOT:PSS and b GO-modified PEDOT:PSS layer. XRD patterns of perovskite film growth on PEDOT:PSS and GO-modified PEDOT:PSS without c and with d moisture invasion
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    a Schematic of cell structure. b Cross-sectional SEM image of PSCs with structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/GO/CH3NH3PbI3/PCBM/Ag. c J-V curves of PSCs with and without GO-modified PEDOT:PSS. The inset is dark J-V curves of PSCs. d UPS spectra of the PEDOT:PSS surface with and without GO modification
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    Statistical parameters of PSCs with PEDOT:PSS and GO-modified PEDOT:PSS. Approximately 30 devices of each type were statistically analyzed.
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    a UV-Vis absorption spectra of perovskite films fabricated on PEDOT:PSS layer modified with (dash line) and without (solid line) GO. b Photoluminescence of perovskite films on glass, GO/glass, PEDOT:PSS and GO-modified PEDOT:PSS (PEDOT/GO) substrates, respectively
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    a Plots of −dV/dJ vs. (Jsc–J)−1 and b ln(Jsc–J) vs. (V + RsJ) together with linear fitting of cells with and without GO modification under AM 1.5 illumination. c Nyquist plots of devices with and without GO modification with the forward bias voltage of 0.9 V in the dark
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    a IPCE spectra and b Plots of Jph versus Veff for cells with and without GO modification. (Inset) Transmittance spectra of PEDOT:PSS and GO-modified PEDOT:PSS films
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    Normalized PCE decay averaged for 16 devices of each type, without encapsulation, after aging at RH 15% in air

• Solar-driven Hydrogen Peroxide Production using Polymer-supported Carbon Dots as Heterogeneous Catalyst

  Satyabrat Gogoi1, Niranjan Karak1,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 40
  First Online: 09 February 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0143-7

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    a TEM image of CD. b HRTEM of CD. c IFFT image of CD. d TEM image of PNC4.0. e HRTEM of PNC4.0. f IFFT of PNC4.0. g Size distribution of CDs.
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    a XRD pattern and b Raman spectra of CDs and PNC4.0.
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    Solar-driven H2O2 production using CD-impregnated waterborne hyperbranched polyurethane as heterogeneous catalyst.
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    Plot of (αhν)2 vs. hν
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    H2O2 production with different raw materials at different time intervals using PNC4.0 as catalyst
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    Selectivity curve for H2O2 production with different starting materials (using PNC4.0 as catalyst)
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    Effect of CD loading on H2O2 production (after 50 h of reaction)
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    Reusability of the catalyst (PNC4.0)
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    a Bacterial growth curves of PNCs. b weight loss curves of PNCs. c SEM image of PNC4.0 after 7 weeks of bacterial exposure. d SEM image of reference film after 7 weeks.

• Engineering and Optimization of Silicon-Iron-Manganese Nano Alloy Electrode for Enhanced Lithium-ion Battery

  Pankaj K Alaboina1, Jong-Soo Cho1, Sung-Jin Cho1,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 41
  First Online: 06 February 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0142-8

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    a Electrode calendering between the two steel bars using a bench press machine. b Optical images of the punched electrode discs of the not-pressed electrode and 3, 5, and 8 tons pressed electrodes
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    a SEM images of the top surface. b Cross-section SEM images and coating thickness measurements. c Electrode/electrolyte wettability contact angle measurement results of the not-pressed electrode and 3, 5, and 8 tons pressed electrodes
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    a Electrodes contact angle and density trend with applied calendering pressures. b BET specific surface area results. c BET surface area nitrogen isotherms of the not-pressed and 3, 5, and 8 tons pressed electrodes. d BET porosity distribution curves – Pore volume vs Pore width of the same sample electrodes.
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    a Formation Cycle at 0.1C rate of not-pressed, 3 ton pressed, 5 ton pressed, and 8 ton pressed electrodes. b Electrochemical Impedance measurements of the same samples after 1st Cycle at 0.5C rate. c Delithiation cycling capacity of the same samples over 100 cycles at 0.5C rate. d Delithiation capacity retention of the same samples over 100 cycles at 0.5C. (Potential window = 0.01-1.5 V, active material loading ~2 mg cm-2, and 1C = 620 mA g-1)
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    Electrochemical Impedance measurements of the not-pressed, 3 ton pressed, 5 ton pressed, and 8 ton pressed electrodes after 100 cycles at 0.5C rate

• Laser-Assisted Reduction of Highly Conductive Circuits based on Copper Nitrate for Flexible Printed Sensors

  Shi Bai1, Shigang Zhang2, Weiping Zhou1, Delong Ma1, Ying Ma1, Pooran Joshi3, Anming Hu1,4,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 42
  First Online: 09 February 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0139-3

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    a Schematic of the experimental setup for laser direct writing. The laser beam is directed at a collimator. Afterwards the beam is reflected by a mirror and focused by a microscope objective (NA = 0.3). The translation stage enables the accurate and repeatable positioning of the substrate in two dimensions, with an overall accuracy of about 500 nm. b Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the flexible sensor based on copper electrode: (I) Oxygen plasma etching of the surface of the glass, (II) laser writing of copper salt, (III) coating of PDMS onto a reduced copper electrode, (IV) curing of the PDMS covered substrate, (V) peeling off the PDMS strip from the substrate, (VI) overlay of the PDMS on a target substrate. c Photograph of copper electrode on PDMS substrate. d Spider and zigzag electrodes on PET substrate
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    a XRD pattern and b absorption spectroscopy of copper salt ink (inset: photographs of copper salts). c SEM images of copper line on glass reduced by the laser at powers of 3 W, 6 W, and 8 W. d Influence of laser power with width of reduced copper line. e The height and width of the copper line measured by a 3D profiler
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    a XRD patterns of the copper salt after laser reduction at the laser power of 3 W. b Raman spectra of sample before and after laser wring. c–f Typical SEM image of copper electrodes reduced by the laser at powers of 2 W, 3 W, 4 W, and 5 W. g Resistivity of copper electrode as a function of laser power (inset: diagram of laser reduction and sintering.). h Mean size of copper nanoparticle by laser reduction
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    Finite element simulation of laser annealing Cu film. a Temperature (degree centigrade) at k = 400 W (mK)-1, and scanning speed at 5 mm s-1 with 3 W inputted power. These conditions resemble the experimental condition. b The simulation of temperature profiles at laser scanning speeds of 1 mm s-1, 10 mm s-1, and 20 mm s-1. c Temperature changing of samples under different laser powers and irradiation times. d Thermogravimetric analysis curve of copper nitrate hydroxide
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    a The resistivity as a function of the repeated bending/relaxation cycles. b Resistive response of the sensor to the bending angle from 0°–150°. c Resistive response of the sensor to the strain. d Response of the sensor to the pressure from 5 g–400 g. e SEM images of sandwich structure. The red lines describe the copper electrode area, and the blue arrows show where the electrode is covered by PDMS. f Typical SEM image of copper electrode after 6000 bending cycles. The blue circles show the damaged parts of copper electrode
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    a–d Illuminance of three LEDs under the stretch of the sensor, from -25%–10%. e-f Photographs of resistance response of the sensor by weighting 50 mg paper
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    a Photograph of the motion detection sensor. b Human motion detection of finger with flexible sensor based on copper electrode. c–d Photograph of touch switch control to turn LED on and off (Inset: schematic diagram of touch switch).

• 2D MOF Nanoflake-Assembled Spherical-Micro-Structures for Enhanced Supercapacitor and Electrocatalysis Performances

  Huicong Xia1, Jianan Zhang1,2,*, Zhao Yang1, Shiyu Guo1, Shihui Guo3, Qun Xu1,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 43
  First Online: 14 February 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0144-6

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    Schematic illustration of the synthesis of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes and Ni-MOF nanoflakes.
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    a SEM images of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes. b, c TEM images of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes. d Large-magnified TEM and SAED patterns of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes. e XRD patterns of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes, Ni-MOF nanoflakes, and ZIF-67. f STEM-energy-dispersed spectroscopy (EDS) mapping of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes.
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    a Ni 2p XPS spectra and b Co 2p spectra of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes. c TGA of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes and Ni-MOF nanoflakes. d FT-IR spectra of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes, Ni-MOF nanoflakes, and 2-methylimidazole.
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    a Cyclic voltammograms of as-prepared Ni/Co-MOF nanoflake electrodes at different scan rates in 1 M LiOH solution. b Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes at various currents in 1 M LiOH solution. c Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves comparison of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes, ZIF-67, and Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes at various current densities in 1 M LiOH solution. d Specific capacitances of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes, Ni-MOF nanoflakes, and ZIF-67 electrodes at 0.5 A g-1. e Cycling performance of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes at a current density of 2 A g-1. f Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflake supercapacitor before and after 2000 cycles measured at 2 A g-1.
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    a CV curves in Ar-saturated (solid curves) and O2-saturated (dashed curves) solutions with a sweep rate of 50 mV s-1. b RDE polarization curves of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes at different rotation speeds. Scan rate: 10 mV s-1. c Koutecky-Levich plots of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes at various potentials. d RDE polarization curves of samples at a rotation rate of 1600 rpm. Scan rate: 10 mV s-1.
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    a Chronoamperometric responses of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes in O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH solution (1600 rpm) without and with 3 M methanol (added at 600 s). b Stability evaluation at -0.1 V and a rotation speed of 1600 rpm.

• FIB Secondary Etching Method for Fabrication of Fine CNT Forest Metamaterials

  Adam Pander1,2,*, Akimitsu Hatta1, 2, Hiroshi Furuta1, 2	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 44
  First Online: 15 March 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0145-5

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    Schematic of process for CNT metamaterial fabrication: a Catalyst deposition, b FIB patterning, c FIB secondary etching, and d CVD growth
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    a Schematic of metamaterial patterns used for fabrication and b map of FIB milling with patterning and secondary etching depths
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    SEM images of patterned surface after CNT forest growth. Arabic numerals refer to depths in nanometers, while letters and Roman numerals were introduced for the purpose of analysis.
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    a AFM images of patterned catalyst, b line profiles of pattern with applied secondary etching (0 – 0.5 nm), and c roughness analysis of the catalyst surface
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    SEM images and Raman spectra of CNT patterns: a without secondary etching; b with secondary etching of 0.5 nm depth; c side view with secondary etching of 0.5 nm depth ; d TEM image of a CNT array grown under the optimized FIB processing conditions shown in c

• Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Gas Sensing

  Zhen Wen1, Qingqing Shen1, Xuhui Sun1,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 45
  First Online: 30 March 2017 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0146-4

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    Design for converting nanoscale mechanical energy into electrical energy by a vertical piezoelectric ZnO NW based PENG. a SEM images of aligned ZnO NWs grown on α-Al2O3 substrate. b TEM images of ZnO NWs, showing the typical structure of the NW without an Au particle or with a small Au particle at the top (inset at center shows SAED pattern). c Experimental setup and procedures for generating electricity by deforming a piezoelectric NW with a conductive AFM tip. d Potential distribution for a ZnO NW in side view. e Electric signal collected by AFM on a ZnO NW array. Figures adapted from [10, 46].
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    Surface free-carrier screening effect on the output of a ZnO NW based PENG and its potential as a self-powered active gas sensor. a Schematic diagram showing the structural design of the PENG (The inset is a photograph of a typical device). b SEM image of ZnO NW arrays grown on Ti foil in a top view (The inset shows SEM the cross-sectional view image). c HRTEM and SAED pattern taken from the tip region of a ZnO NW. d The working mechanism of the PENG driven by compressive strain. e The dependence of sensitivity on the ranging concentrations of H2S vapor. Figures adapted from [59].
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    High response and selectivity of a Cu-ZnO NW PENG as a self-powered/active H2S sensor. a Schematic of a Cu-ZnO NW PENG as a self-powered/active H2S sensor. b SEM image of 5 at% Cu-ZnO NWs in top view. c HRTEM image and the SAED pattern of the edge region of a 5 at% Cu-ZnO NW. d Working mechanism of Cu-ZnO NW PENG as a self-powered/active H2S sensor. e A continuous responding-recovering process of the device against 500 ppm H2S. f Piezoelectric output voltage of the device under compressive force at room temperature in dry air and various concentrations of H2S. Figures adapted from [66].
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    Conversion of PN-junction influencing the piezoelectric output of a CuO/ZnO nanoarray PENG and its application as a room-temperature self-powered active H2S sensor. a Schematic diagram showing the structure of the self-powered active gas sensor with two Kapton boards as the frame. b SEM image of CuO/ZnO nanoarrays on the top-view (The inset is an enlarged view of a selected area). c The sensitivity of the device upon exposure to different concentrations of H2S with one device repeatedly compressed by a constant applied strain of 0.012% at a frequency of 0.8 Hz. d The H2S-sensing mechanism of the self-powered active gas sensor based on CuO/ZnO PN-junction nanoarrays driven by compressive strain. Figures adapted from [71].
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    A Highly selective and self-powered gas sensor via organic surface functionalization of p-Si/n-ZnO diodes. a Schematic of a singular p-n unit composed of p-Si μ-trenches. b The surface of the n-ZnO NWs was modifi ed by adding a SAM of functional groups. c SEM image of a singular p-Si/n-ZnO diode (scale bar: 10 μm). d Diagram of the ΔVoc response for different NO2 concentrations, for amine- and thiol-functionalized devices. e Most-stable geometries of NO2 molecules adsorbed at the thiol and amine functionalities. f Energy levels of the HOMO and LUMO of the functionalities without adsorbed NO2 and with adsorbed NO2. The averaged electrostatic potential from the core region of the Si atom of each functionality was used as reference potential. The HOMO level of the isolated thiol functionality was set to 0 for convenience. Figures adapted from [72].
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    Synthesis of CdS nanorod arrays and their applications in flexible piezo-driven active H2S sensors. a Schematic diagram showing the structural design of the piezo-driven active H2S sensor based on CdS nanorod arrays. b SEM image of CdS NR arrays grown on Ti foil in a top view (The inset is an enlarged view of a selected area). c HRTEM and SAED pattern of the tip region of a CdS nanorod. d The piezoelectric voltage response of a device in dry air, H2S and pure oxygen at room temperature. The working mechanism of a CdS piezo-driven active H2S sensor. e The carrier density and depletion layer in CdS nanorods in H2S without compression and piezoelectric output under mechanical deformation. Figures adapted from [73].
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    Invention and working principle of the first TENG that converts mechanical energy into electricity. a The construction and photography images in bending and releasing process and related electrical measurement tests. b Sketches that illustrate the operating principle. Figures adapted from [11, 74].
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    A self-powered, room-temperature electronic nose based on triboelectrification and heterogeneous catalytic reaction. a Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of a self-powered electronic nose and an optical image of the as-fabricated device. SEM images of b the ZnO NWs and c the NiO nanoparticle-decorated ZnO NWs grown on the SiO2/Si (Scale bar, 500 nm). The output performance of the sensor elements comprising d NiO nanoparticle-decorated ZnO-PFTE and e NiO nanoparticle-decorated ZnO-PI under cycled compressive force of 50 N at an applied frequency of 4 Hz. Figures adapted from [96].
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    A self-powered active hydrogen gas sensor with fast response at room temperature based on triboelectric effect. a Schematic of the as-fabricated triboelectric-based H2 sensor (TEHS). b FESEM images of the micropatterned PDMS surface (The insets show the enlarged view of the micropyramids PDMS). c Cross-section (I) and in-plane (II) micrographs of ZnO nanoparticles. d Variation of open-circuit voltage with and without H2 exposure. e The pressing and releasing signal peaks of the TEHS. f Response time characteristics of the TEHS. Schematic of the TEHS’s g triboelectric and h sensing mechanisms. Figures adapted from [97].
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    Outputting olfactory bionic electric impulse by PANI/PTFE/PANI sandwich nanostructures and their application as flexible, smelling electronic skin. a Structure and fabrication process of the flexible smelling e-skin (The inset shows the photograph of the e-skin). b SEM image of PTFE nanostructures on the top view (The inset shows cross-section SEM image of PTFE NWs). c SEM image of PANI nanostructures on the top view. d and e The e-skin can be easily driven by gas flow (human heavy breath or blowing). f and g The e-skin can be easily driven by body motion (pressure). h Photograph of the self-powered breath–alcohol visual detecting system. i Real-time continuous responding/recovering process of the e-skin against 210 ppm ethanol gas flow. j An adult without drinking alcohol can light 8 LEDs. Figures adapted from [98].
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    Blow-driven TENG as an active alcohol breathalyzer. a Schematic illustrations of the functional components of the blow-driven triboelectric nanogenerator, which mainly consists of three parts, a rotator, a stator and a soft elastic. b A SEM image of the FEP polymer NWs (scale bar, 500 nm). c A photograph of the as-fabricated stator (scale bar, 1 cm). d A schematic illustration of an as-fabricated device (scale bar, 2 cm). e The variation of the output voltage and current with external load resistances under a fixed blowing speed of 6 m/s (The inset shows the measurement circuit diagram). f A real-time continuously measured voltage profile to show the dynamic response to ambient alcohol concentrations. g A schematic illustration showing the self-power breathalyzer. Figures adapted from [102].

• A Wire-Shaped Supercapacitor in Micrometer Size Based on Fe3O4 Nanosheet Arrays on Fe Wire

  Guohong Li1, Ruchun Li2, Weijia Zhou2,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 46
  First Online: 19 April 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0147-3

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    a-d SEM images of Fe@Fe3O4 at different magnifications
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    a TEM and b HRTEM images of the Fe3O4. c The SAED pattern of the Fe3O4 (carefully scratched from Fe@Fe3O4)
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    a XRD patterns of Fe and Fe@Fe3O4. b XPS fully scanned spectra, high resolution XPS spectrum of c Fe 2p and d O 1s of Fe3O4 scratched from Fe@Fe3O4
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    a CV curves of Fe, Fe@Fe3O4-20, Fe@Fe3O4-30, and Fe@Fe3O4-40 at the scan rate of 50 mV s−1 in 3.0 M LiCl. b CV curves of the Fe@Fe3O4-30 electrode at different scan rates. c Specific capacitances of the Fe@Fe3O4-30 electrode as a function of scan rate. d GCD curves of the Fe@Fe3O4-30 electrode at different current densities. e Specific capacitances of Fe@Fe3O4-30 as a function of current. f Cycling stability of the Fe@Fe3O4-30 electrode at a current of 0.9 mA. Inset is the last 10 charge/discharge profile of Fe@Fe3O4-30
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    Electrochemical characterization of the (+) CF@MnO2//Fe@Fe3O4-30 (-) wire-shaped all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor device. a CV curves collected in different scan voltage windows at the scan rate of 100 mV s-1. b CV curves of the device at different scan rates. c GCD curves of the device at different current. d Specific capacitance of the device as a function of current. e Ragone plots of the device calculated from GCD curves. The inset is a photograph of a red LED turned on by a wire-shaped all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor device. f Cycling stability of the device at a current density of 3.0 mA. The inset shows the last 10 charge/discharge profile.

• Recent Advances of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Structures and Appli-cations in Catalyst, Sensing, Imaging and LEDs

  Aiwu Wang1, 2, Chundong Wang1,*, Li Fu3, Winnie Wong-Ng4, Yucheng Lan5,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 47
  First Online: 15 May 2017 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0148-2

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    a Triazine and b tri-s-triazine (heptazine) structures of g-C3N4. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society
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    Crystal structure and optical properties of graphitic carbon nitride. a Schematic diagram of a per-fect graphitic carbon nitride sheet constructed from melem units. b Experimental XRD pattern of the polymeric carbon nitride, revealing a graphitic structure with an interplanar stacking distance of aromatic units of 0.326 nm. c UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectrum and image (inset) of g-C3N4. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [5]. Copyright 2009 Nature Publishing Group. Rep-resentation of the β-C3N4 (d), α-C3N4 (e), graphite-C3N4 (f), pseudocubic-C3N4 (g), and cubic-C3N4 (h). The carbon and nitrogen atoms are depicted as gray and blue spheres, respectively from Ref. [4]. Copyright 1996 American Association for the Advancement of Science
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    a Schematic 3D g-C3N4 /Graphene structures. b, c SEM images of g-C3N4/graphene nanocompo-sites. Inset: TEM image. d C 1s, e N 1s XPS and f UV-vis spectra of g-C3N4/graphene nanocom-posites. Insets: photographs of the powder samples. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [66]. Copyright Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society
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    a-c TEM images and d AFM image of g-C3N4 nanosheets. Inset of c: SAED pattern. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [52]. Copyright 2014 John Wiley and Sons. e Schematic illustration of top-down and bottom-up synthetic strategies for g-C3N4 nanosheets. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [68]. Copyright 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry
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    1D g-C3N4 nanostructures. a SEM image of nanotubes [79]. b TEM image of nanotubes [83]. c TEM image of nanorods [81]. d TEM image of porous nanorods [82]. Inset: pore size distribu-tion. e SEM image of nanofibers [30]. f SEM image of tubular structures [85]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [79] (Copyright 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry), with permission from Ref. [83] (Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society), with permission from Ref. [81] (Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society), with permission from Ref. [82] (Copyright 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry), with permission from Ref. [30] (Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society), with permission from Ref. [85] (Copyright 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH), respectively
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    Morphology characterization of the HR-CN sample. a SEM, b TEM, and c, d corresponding el-emental mapping images of g-C3N4. Reproduced from Ref. [80] by permission of the John Wiley & Sons Ltd. e A g-C3N4 layer and f A single g-C3N4 nanotube formed by rolling the g-C3N4 lay-er. Reproduced from Ref. [79] by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry
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    a HOMO-n and b LUMO+n orbitals of the single-layered g-C3N4, respectively. c HOMO-n and d LUMO+n orbitals of the double-layered g-C3N4, respectively. Reproduced from Ref. [87] by permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd. e Schematic illustration of the controllable synthesis of g-C3N4 nanosheets, nanoribbons, and quantum dots. Reproduced from Ref. [86] by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry
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    a Typical H2 and O2 production from water under visible light irradiation. b Wavelength-dependent QE (red dots) of water splitting by composite catalyst. c QE for different concentra-tions of carbon dots/g-C3N4 catalysts in a fixed mass of composite catalyst. d QE for different catalyst loads with a constant carbon dot concentration in 150 ml of ultra-pure water. Repro-duced with permission from Ref. [95]. Coryright 2015 American Association for the Advance-ment of Science
  • 
    a In vivo tumor volume growth curves of mice in different groups after various treatments. b Body weight changes of Balb/c mice versus treated time under different conditions. c Photo-graphs of excised tumors from representative Balb/c mice after 14 day treatment and d the corre-sponding digital photographs of mice in the control group and “UCNPs@g-C3N4−PEG with 808 nm laser” group after 14 day treatment. e H&E stained tumor sections after 14 day treatment from different groups. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [118] Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society
  • 
    a Photoluminescence spectrum of the g-C3N4/silica-gels excited at 365 nm displaying four peaks (430, 480, 580, and 627 nm) in the visible regime. b, c Photographs of a free-standing g-C3N4/silica-gel membrane, displaying both good transparency b and flexibility c. d CIE-1931 chromaticity diagram showing the emission from the typical g-C3N4/silica-gels (marked by the black cross) excited at 365 nm. e FTIR spectra of AEATMS, g-C3N4-silica-gels, and g-C3N4 par-ticles. f Schematic drawing of an AEATMS-capped g-C3N4 particles in the g-C3N4/silica-gels. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [119]. Copyright 2016 Wiley

• Synergistic Effects in CNTs-PdAu/Pt Trimetallic Nanoparticles with High Electrocatalytic Activity and Stability

  Xin-Lei Cai1, Chang-Hai Liu2,*, Jie Liu1, Ying Lu1, Ya-Nan Zhong1, Kai-Qi Nie1, Jian-Long Xu1, Xu Gao1, Xu-Hui Sun1, Sui-Dong Wang1,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 48
  First Online: 21 June 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0149-1

  • 
    TEM and HRTEM images of CNTs-PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs and their size distribution with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios: a, b, c 1:3:2, d, e, f 2:2:2, and g, h, i 3:1:2
  • 
    HAADF-STEM images and regional elemental mapping of the Au, Pd, and Pt content of CNTs-PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios: a 1:3:2, b 2:2:2, and c 3:1:2
  • 
    XRD patterns of a CNTs-PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios and the CNTs-supported Au, Pd and Pt monometallic NPs and pristine CNTs. b A magnified view of CNTs-supported Pd and Pt monometallic NPs and pristine MWCNTs shown in a
  • 
    a Au 4f XPS spectra, and b normalized Au L3-edge XANES spectra of CNTs-PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios, Au/Pt bimetallic NPs, and Au NPs. The insets in b is magnified whiteline regions of as-obtained samples
  • 
    Pd 3d XPS spectra of CNTs-supported PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios, and Pd NPs
  • 
    a Pt 4f XPS spectra and b) Pt L3-edge XANES spectra of CNTs-supported PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios, Au/Pt and Pd/Pt bimetallic NPs, and Pt NPs
  • 
    CV curves for the MOR using: a CNTs-PdAu/Pt (3:1:2) NPs, Pd/Pt and Au/Pt bimetallic NPs, and a commercial Pt/C catalyst, and b CNTs-PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios. The durability (500 cycles) of the oxidation peak current for: c samples shown in a; and d samples shown in b
  • 
    CA curves for the MOR (–0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl in 1 M CH3OH + 1 M KOH) using: a CNTs-PdAu/Pt (3:1:2) NPs, Pd/Pt and Au/Pt bimetallic NPs, and a commercial Pt/C catalyst, and b MWCNTs-supported PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios

• Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Nanoparticle-Aggregated Ag-AgX(X=Cl, Br)@TiO2 Microspheres Under Visible Light

  Cuiling Zhang1,2,*, Hao Hua2, Jianlin Liu2, Xiangyu Han2, Qipeng Liu2, Zidong Wei2, Chengbin Shao1, Chenguo Hu2,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 49
  First Online: 25 June 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0150-8

  • 
    XRD patterns of a the Ag-AgCl@TiO2 NPAS samples and b Ag-AgBr@TiO2 NPAS samples
  • 
    FE-SEM images of Ag-AgCl@TiO2 NPAS: a S1, b S2, c S3, d S4, e S5, f S6, g-h S7 and i-l TEM and HRTEM images of sample S4
  • 
    FE-SEM images of Ag-AgBr@TiO2 NPAS: a S8, b S9, c S10, d S12, e S13, f S14 and g-i TEM and HRTEM images of sample S11
  • 
    XPS patterns of sample S4. Wide survey scan for a Ag-AgCl@TiO2 and b Ag-AgBr@TiO2, c Ti 2p, d Cl 2p, e Br 3p, f Ag 3d and g Ag 3d of sample S11, h Ag 3d in S4 and i Br 3p in S11 after 5 cycles of photocatalytic degradation. The inset EDS patterns of samples 4 and 11 are in the inset in (a-b)
  • 
    a UV-vis absorption spectra and b PL spectra of Ag-AgCl@TiO2, Ag-AgBr@TiO2, AgCl@TiO2 and AgBr@TiO2 structures
  • 
    a Comparisons of degradation rate with different samples in different stages; b Absorption spectrums of the degradation with sample S4 in different stages; c Comparisons of photocatalytic activities among the Ag-AgCl@TiO2 NPAS samples with different R under the visible light irradiation and TiO2 NPAS (S0) sample under the simulated sunlight irradiation in 60 min; d The result of the repeated experiments for five times with sample S4
  • 
    a Comparisons of degradation rate with different samples in different stages; b Comparisons of photocatalytic activities among the Ag-AgBr@TiO2 NPAS samples with different R and TiO2 NPAS sample under the visible light irradiation in 40 min; c Absorption spectrums of the degradation with sample S11in different stages; d The result of the repeated experiments for five times with sample S11
  • 
    The band structures and degradation mechanisms of a Ag-AgCl@TiO2 NPAS and b Ag-AgBr@TiO2 NPAS under visible-light

• Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Their Charge Carrier Mobilities in Field Effect Transistors

  Sohail Ahmed1, Jiabao Yi1,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 50
  First Online: 11 July 2017 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0152-6

  • 
    Schematic representation of the variation in liquid exfoliation process: a intercalation, b ion exchange and c ultrasonic exfoliation. (a-c) Reprinted from ref. [98] with permission from Copyright 2013, AAAS d Schematic representation of the CVD process e Schematic representation of large area MoS2 nano-sheet synthesis via dip and anneal technique. Reprinted with permission from ref. [101], Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society
  • 
    Idealized N-channel junction FET
  • 
    FET Tree
  • 
    (a–c) Preparation process of the single-layer MoS2 transistor. (d and e) the gate control of single-layer MoS2 transistor. Reprinted with permission from ref. [30], Copyright 2011, Nature Publishing Group
  • 
    a Effective hole mobility as a function of gate overdrive and b Output Characteristics of the p-type mono-layer WSe2 device. Reprinted with permission from ref. [168], Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society
  • 
    a Electron mobility as a function of dielectric constant. Dashed lines show the mobility without considering the SO phonons. b The critical impurity densities Ncr and c Room temperature electron mobility in mono-layer MoS2 surrounded by different dielectrics. d The room temperature net electron mobility in mono-layer MoS2 considering all kinds of scattering mechanisms as a function of impurity density (N). Reproduced from ref. [230]
  • 
    Hetero-structure based a FET composed of MoS2 (channel), h-BN (top-gate dielectric) and graphene (source, drain and top-gate electrodes). Redrawn from ref. [245] and b p-n junction fabricated from vertical stacked MoS2 (n-type) and WSe2 (p-type). Reprinted with permission from ref. [247]. Copyright (2015) American Chemical Society
  • 
    Theoretical charge carrier mobility of mono-layer 2D TMDC materials. Redrawn from ref. [254]

• A Mini Review on Nanocarbon-Based 1D Macroscopic Fibers: Assembly Strategies and Mechanical Properties

  Liang Kou1,#,*, Yingjun Liu2,#, Cheng Zhang1, Le Shao1, Zhanyuan Tian1, Zengshe Deng1, Chao Gao2,3,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 51
  First Online: 11 July 2017 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0151-7

  • 
    a Schematic of the experimental setup for spinning CFs using polymer-based coagulation spinning method. SEM images of b a CF and c a ribbon (black arrow indicates the main axis) deposited on a substrate. SEM images of DNA-SWNT fibers d (The insert image show the round cross section) and e a magnified image of the cross section of an SWNT bundle coated with DNA. f A 10 m-long MWNT fiber collected on a small winder. a-c Reproduced with permission from Ref. [6]. Copyright 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science. d, e Reproduced with permission from Ref. [8]. Copyright 2008, Wiley-VCH. f Copyright Reproduced with permission from Ref. [11]. Copyright 2005, American Chemical Society.
  • 
    a Polarizing optical microscopy (POM) observation of the SWNTs dispersed in 123% sulfuric acid. b Field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEGSEM) image of a −1/2 disclination in the nematic phase for CNTs. c The apparatus used for mixing and extruding neat SWNT fibers. d A jet of SWNT dispersion being extruded from a capillary tube. e A 30 m-long spool of water-coagulated SWNT fiber. a, b Reproduced with permission from Ref. [13, 14]. Copyright 2006, American Chemical Society. c-e Reproduced with permission from Ref. [18]. Copyright 2004, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
  • 
    SEM images of a fiber at low a and high b magnification. Cross-sections of hollow (c, d), folded ribbon e and solid f fibers. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [19]. Copyright 2005, Wiley-VCH.
  • 
    a Optical photo showing the tungsten wire immersed in a SWNT colloidal solution (upper inset; scale bar 5mm), the SWNT fiber being formed during the withdrawal process (main panel; scale bar 10 mm). SEM image of the lower inset showing the magnified SWNT fiber in the dotted circle (scale bar 10 mm). b Schematic of the experimental setup and the formation mechanism of the SWNT fiber. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [20]. Copyright 2009, Wiley-VCH.
  • 
    a A CF pulled out from a free-standing CNT array, b magnified images and SEM images c of CNT array, d SEM image of the yarn of (a), transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of a single thread of the CFs shown in inset, SEM images of CF at low e and high f magnification, g CF forming a loop around a Ni wire and then twisted, h SEM image of a two-ply twisted fiber. a-d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [21]. Copyright 2002, Nature Publishing Group. e-h Reproduced with permission from Ref. [23]. Copyright 2007, Wiley-VCH.
  • 
    a Optical image showing a human hair and two as-grown SWNT fibers. SEM images of CF at low b and high c magnification. d HRTEM image of a top view of a SWNT fiber. Schematic of the direct spinning process with the spindle aligned at 25° e and normal to f the furnace axis. g Photograph of CFs wound from the spindle (left) onto a second spindle (right). SEM images of CF at low (h) and high (i) magnification. (j) A twisted CF after its removal from the furnace. SEM image of CFs showing a kink induced by bending (k) and showing an overhand knot (l). a-d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [27]. Copyright 2002, American Association for the Advancement of Science. e-j Reproduced with permission from Ref. [28]. Copyright 2004, American Association for the Advancement of Science. k, l Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2010, Wiley-VCH.
  • 
    a SEM image of a 200 nm-thick CF made from a CNT film with a width of 2mm. b The schematic image left illustrates the twisting process induced elongation for the film and the two SEM images right come from the unstrained and strained part of the film, respectively. c Illustration of the spinning process of spring-like CNT ropes. d SEM images of a 4.4 mm-long section of rope consisting of highly uniform, perfectly arranged loops. SEM images of Fermat e, Archimedean f and dual Archimedean g type scrolls, which are illustrated in the insets, respectively. h, i SEM images of Si3N4NT@MWNT biscrolled yarn. The brighter areas correspond to MWNTs. j SEM image of TiO2@MWNT yarn. SEM images of overhand knot in 95% LiFePO4@MWNT yarn k and carrick bend knot between two 88% SiO2@MWNT yarns (l). m Photograph of 85% TiO2@MWNT yarn sewn into Kevlar textile. a, b Reproduced with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright 2009, Wiley-VCH. c, d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright 2012, Wiley-VCH. e-m Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2011, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
  • 
    a Schematic illustration of the drawing–drying spinning process and optical images of the as-spun DWNT fibers. (b, c) SEM images of CNT cotton based fibers. d Schematic of fiber shaping by drawing CNT films through a series of diamond wire drawing dies. a Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2007, Wiley-VCH. b, c Reproduced with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2007, Wiley-VCH. d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2008, American Chemical Society.
  • 
    a POM observation of GO aqueous dispersions with a fingerprint texture of chiral phase. (b, c) Cryo-SEM images and POM textures for GO chiral LCs. d a tight knot of GF. (e, f) photos of GO yarns produced using a multi-hole spinneret. g POM observation of gel-state GO fiber showing birefringence. SEM images of a GO fiber h and its magnified cross-section i. a-d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [46]. Copyright 2011, Nature Publishing Group. e-i Reproduced with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH.
  • 
    A SEM images illustrating the assembly process of the GO fiber. Schematic illustration of the apparatus B and assembly mechanism C of wet-spinning GO fibers. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [52]. Copyright 2012, Nature Publishing Group.
  • 
    Scheme for preparation of GO porous fibers a and hollow fibers f. SEM images of folded b, stretched c and fracture morphology d of GPFs. e Schematic core-shell structure model for GPFs. Photos of GO-HFs in coagulation bath g and the naturally dried GO-HFs (i). h SEM images of naturally dried GO-HF. j A Photo of necklace-like GO-HF. a-e Reproduced with permission from Ref. [54]. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society. f-j Reproduced with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society.
  • 
    a Schematic illustration showing the coaxial spinning process. The magnified image of wet GO@CMC fiber b and GO@CMC fiber d. c POM image of wet GO@CMC fiber indicating the core-sheath structure and the well-aligned GO sheets in the core part. e The macroscopic photo of the RGO@CMC coaxial fiber. f Two intact coaxial fibers woven with cotton fiber. g Supercapacitor device based on the cloth fabricated by two coaxial fibers. h-j SEM images of coaxial fibers. SEM images of cross-sectional k and side l view of a two-ply YSC. Inset of i shows the schematic illustration of YSC. m SEM image of a two-ply YSC knot. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [56]. Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group.
  • 
    Schematic illustration of LCST strategy (a-e) and the resulting composite fibers (f, g). Morphology of fracture section of GO-HPG fibers (h, j) and deformation mechanism model under tensile. SEM images of the cross section (k, l) and lateral view (m) of a GO-SA fiber. a-j Reproduced with permission from Ref. [60]. Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group. k-m Reproduced with permission from Ref. [62]. Copyright 2016, Springer.
  • 
    a A photo of a mussel attached to Si substrate. b A schematic illustration of one-dimensionally aligned CFs reinforced by mussel-mimetic adhesives. SEM observations of fiber spinning process c and the spun CFs d. High magnification SEM images of the densified CF e and h-PEI-C treated CF f. Mechanical curves of the CFs. (g, h) Stress–strain curves of h-PEI-C-CNT (red) and h-PEI-C-CNT + Fe(III) (blue). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [80]. Copyright 2011, Wiley-VCH.

• Controlled Growth of Large-Area Aligned Single-Crystalline Organic Nanoribbon Arrays for Transistors and Light-Emitting Diodes Driving

  Wei Wang1, Liang Wang1, Gaole Dai1, Wei Deng1, Xiujuan Zhang1, Jiansheng Jie1, *, Xiaohong Zhang1	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 52
  First Online: 18 July 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0153-5

  • 
    Fabrication of large-area, single-crystalline organic nanoribbon arrays. a Schematic illustration of the procedure to fabricate BPEA nanoribbon arrays on the SiO2/Si substrate using dip-coating method. b Photograph of the dip-coating equipment. c 5×10 cm2 SiO2/Si substrate coated with BPEA nanoribbon arrays. d Optical microscope image of the large-area BPEA nanoribbon arrays on SiO2/Si substrate. Inset shows the corresponding enlarged optical microscope image
  • 
    TEM images of a the BPEA nanoribbon and d TIPS-PEN nanoribbon. b, e show the corresponding SAED patterns. c, f XRD patterns of BPEA and TIPS-PEN nanoribbon arrays fabricated on the SiO2/Si substrates, respectively. Insets show the molecular structures of BPEA and TIPS-PEN
  • 
    a Fluorescence microscope images and b the corresponding SEM images of BPEA nanoribbon arrays on the SiO2/Si substrate formed at coating speeds of 10, 30, and 80 μm s-1, respectively
  • 
    a Bright-field optical microscope images and b the corresponding SEM images of TIPS-PEN nanoribbon arrays on the SiO2/Si substrate formed at coating speeds of 10, 60, and 80 μm s-1, respectively
  • 
    AFM images of BPEA nanoribbon arrays (a, b) and TIPS-PEN nanoribbon arrays (c, d) formed at a coating speed of 80 μm s-1
  • 
    Typical transfer (VDS= -50 V) and output characteristics of BPEA (a, b) and TIPS-PEN (d, e) nanoribbon array-based OFETs with optimized device configurations on SiO2/Si substrates. Insets in a and d show the typical optical images of the BPEA and TIPS-PEN based OFETs, respectively. Corresponding statistical diagrams of mobilities are shown in c and f for BPEA and TIPS-PEN nanoribbon array-based OFETs, respectively
  • 
    a Circuit schematic of the ribbon array based OFET-LED system. b Photograph of one LED driven by the OFET based on TIPS-PEN ribbon arrays. c, d show the photographs of the LED pixels driven by the OFET based on TIPS-PEN ribbon arrays

Volume 9, Issue 3 (2017)

• An Overview of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Biosensing Applications

  Zanzan Zhu1	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 25
  First Online: January 4, 2017 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0128-6

  • 
    The immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx) on the surface of SWNTs by using enzyme adsorption involves a layer-bylayer technique. PSS poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), IL ionic liquid. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [45]. Copyright (2009) American Chemical Society
  • 
    Fabrication of a glucose biosensor based on a CNT nanoelectrode: a electrochemical treatment of the CNT nanoelectrode assembly for functionalization. b Coupling of GOx to the CNT nanoelectrode ensembles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [53]. Copyright (2004) American Chemical Society
  • 
    Illustration of the procedure used for the preparation of the Pt/MnO2/f-MWCNT film. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [54]. Copyright (2015) Royal Society of Chemistry
  • 
    Electrochemical biosensor strategy for thrombin using aptamer-wrapped SWNT as electrochemical labels. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [67]. Copyright (2011) Elsevier
  • 
    Schematic demonstration for the ‘‘sandwich’’-type strategy electrochemical immunosensor. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [72]. Copyright (2011) Elsevier
  • 
    A schematic of field-effect transistor
  • 
    The picture demonstrates two electrodes connected by a semiconducting SWNT with GOx enzymes immobilized on its
  • 
    a Fabrication of the hierarchical FeN NPs/NG core–shell. b The proposed NADH measurement mechanism on a FeN NPs/NG core– shell hybrid-based electrode. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [113]. Copyright (2016) Elsevier
  • 
    The VG FET sensor is made by direct growth of VG between the drain and the source electrodes. Probe antibody is labeled to the VG surface through Au NPs. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [127]. Copyright (2013) Nature Publishing Group
  • 
    Illustrative scheme of the preparation of graphene field-effect transistor. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [129]. Copyright (2016) Nature Publishing Group
  • 
    Schematic representation of the ssDNA-GO architecture platform for multiplex targets detection. a In the presence of a complementary target T3, P3 reacts with T3 to form a P3–T3 complex, which detaches from the GO surface, resulting in the fluorescence ‘‘on’’ state. b P1 assumes the fluorescence ‘‘off’’ state by the formation of probe–GO architecture, but switches to the ‘‘on’’ state by the interaction with thrombin. c In the presence of Ag+ or Hg2+, P4 or P5 is self-folded to form the stable C–Ag+–C or T– Hg2+ –T structure, leading to the fluorescence ‘‘on’’ state. However, by continuing to add cysteine to the above solution, the C–Ag+–C or T–Hg2+–T structure is disrupted by Ag–S or Hg–S bond between cysteine and Ag+ or Hg2+, switching to the fluorescence ‘‘off’’ state again. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [135]. Copyright (2011) Elsevier
  • 
    Schematic illustration of fluorescent turn-on sensor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detection using peptide-assembled GO. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [136]. Copyright (2015) American Chemical Society
  • 
    Schematic illustration of in situ molecular probing in living cells by using aptamer/GO-nS nanocomplex. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [137]. Copyright (2010) American Chemical Society
  • 
    a Scanning electron micrograph of the array of CNTFETs. S source, D drain, G contact to back gate. A total of 896 pairs of S/D electrodes are packed in 1 cm2. b Schematic of device structure. The heavily doped p-type substrate is used as the gate. c 5 9 5 lm2 AFM picture of a CNTFET device. Vertical scale: 20 nm. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [79]. Copyright (2009) American Chemical Society
  • 
    a Illustration of DNA undergoing a conformational transition from the B form (top) to the Z form (bottom) on a carbon nanotube. b Concentration-dependent fluorescence response of the DNA-encapsulated (6,5) nanotube to divalent chloride counterions. The inset shows the (6,5) fluorescence band at starting (blue) and final (pink) concentrations of Hg2+. c Area map of the (6,5) nanotube peak fluorescence intensity of DNA-SWNTs within murine 3T3 fibroblast cells overlaid on an optical micrograph of the same region. d Illustration of the experimental method used for ion-binding experiments conducted in mammalian cells. A cell containing endosome-bound DNA-SWNTs undergoes 785-nm excitation through a microscope objective. e The (6,5) nanotube fluorescence peak energy of DNA-SWNTs in 3T3 fibroblasts plotted versus Hg2+ concentration in the cell medium. The fluorescence energy of a population of 8–10 cells was averaged for each data point. Error bars indicate 1SD. The red line shows the model curve from original Hg2+ binding experiment conducted in Tris buffer. The inset shows individual spectra at each concentration. f The (6, 5) nanotube fluorescence energy of DNA-SWNTs in the following highly absorptive and scattering media: whole rooster blood (green triangles), black dye solution (black squares), and chicken tissue (blue circles) plotted on a model curve (red) from Hg2+ addition to SWNTs in buffer. The DE of all blood and tissue data points was corrected for an initial redshift due to the cellular environment. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright (2006) American Association for the Advancement of Science. (Color figure online)
  • 
    Multicolor SWNT Raman labels for multiplexed protein detection. a Two-layer, direct, microarray-format protein detection with distinct Raman labels based upon pure 12C and 13C SWNT tags. 12C and 13C SWNTs were conjugated to GaM and GaH-IgGs, respectively, providing specific binding to complimentary IgGs of mouse or human origin, even during mixed incubation with analyte (as shown). b G-mode Raman scattering spectra of 12C (red) and 13C (green) SWNT Raman tags are easily resolvable, have nearly identical scattering intensities, and are excited simultaneously with a 785-nm laser. This allows rapid, multiplexed protein detection. c Raman scattering map of integrated 12C (red) and 13C (green) SWNT G-mode scattering above baseline, demonstrating easily resolved, multiplexed IgG detection based upon multicolor SWNT Raman labels. Scale bar, 500 lm. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [87]. Copyright (2008) Nature Publishing Group. (Color figure online)
  • 
    a DPVs at the GC electrode for G (blue), A (orange), T (violet), and C (magenta), respectively. b DPVs at the graphite/GC electrode for G (blue), A (orange), T (violet), and C (magenta), respectively. c DPVs at the CR-GO/GC electrode for G (blue), A (orange), T(violet), and C (magenta), respectively. d DPVs for a mixture of G, A, T, and C at CR-GO/GC (green), graphite/GC (red), and GC electrodes (black). e DPVs for ssDNA at CR-GO/GC (green), graphite/GC (red), and GC electrodes (black). f DPVs for dsDNA at CR-GO/GC (green), graphite/GC (red), and GC electrodes (black). Concentrations for different species a–f: G, A, T, C, ssDNA or dsDNA: 10 lg mL-1. Electrolyte: 0.1 M pH 7.0 PBS. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [117]. Copyright (2009) American Chemical
  • 
    a The setup for live-cell assay. b Real-time monitoring of nitric oxide molecule released from the attached cells on RGD-peptide covalently bonded graphene biofilm in cell culture medium. The drug was added at the time indicated by the arrow. c The current responses of the cultured cells on RGD-peptide covalently bonded graphene biofilm toward different drugs. Acetylcholine (Ach) is a model drug to stimulate cell nitric oxide release, and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) is a specific nitric oxide inhibitor. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [124]. Copyright (2012) American Chemical Society

• Nanoscale Wire-Bonding of Individual Ag Nanowires on Au Substrate at Room Temperature

  Peng Peng1, 2, Wei Guo1,*, Ying Zhu1, Lei Liu3, Guisheng Zou3, Y. Norman Zhou3, 4	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 26
  First Online: January 4, 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0126-8

  • 
    a Schematic illustration of nanoscale wire-bonding using pressure. b Wire-bonding of Ag NWs onto Au electrodes with two welds. c A typical F-D curve during bonding of Ag NWs on Au. d SEM image of bonding location, with high magnification images of e and f close to the indentation area with a force of 400 µN
  • 
    Microstructures of indentation areas after bonding with different forces from 300 to 500 µN
  • 
    a SEM image of FIB sample after thinning. b The STEM image of a Ag-Au cross-section after wire-bonding (with 450 µN) sliced with FIB. c The line profiles of the Ag and Au across the Ag–Au interface from the STEM image. d HRTEM image of Ag-Au interface with matched (111) lattices showing both the Ag and Au sides. e The severely deformed lattices on the Ag and Au, with the Ag showing a 4H lattice (103) at the interface. The FFT images were taken from e showing the patterns of f the Ag side, g Au side, and h interface

• Plasma Triggered Grain Coalescence for Self-Assembly of 3D Nanostructures

  Chunhui Dai1, Daeha Joung1, Jeong-Hyun Cho1,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 27
  First Online: January 13, 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0130-z

  • 
    Conceptual schematics and SEM images showing the grain coalescence and self-assembly of 3D nanostructures triggered by reactive ion etching (RIE). a-f The grain coalescence process of Sn thin film during RIE process. g-l Illustrations showing the origin of the extrinsic stress and surface tension force observed within the Sn film that causes the g-i discontinuous frame to fold up or j-l the continuous film to curve up
  • 
    SEM images of the grain coalescence after a 4 min 30 s RIE process with varying power (40, 120, and 200 W) and ratio of O2 over CF4 (O2/CF4 = 0.42, 1.25, and 2.50). The pressure and CF4 flow rate are fixed to be 100 mTorr and 12 sccm, respectively. A series of oxygen flow rates of 5, 15, and 30 sccm was applied to change the ratio of O2 over CF4. The value of quantified grain coalescence, vertical etch rate, and horizontal etch rate of each sample was labelled as γg (a.u.), V (nm min-1), and H (nm min-1), respectively. The scale bars are 100 nm.
  • 
    Experimental results of the variation of a vertical etch rate, and b horizontal etch rate in the RIE process with varying power (40, 120, and 200 W) and varying ratio of O2 over CF4 (0.42, 1.25, 2.50). The pressure and CF4 flow rate are fixed to be 100 mTorr and 12 sccm respectively. Oxygen flow rates of 5, 15, and 30 sccm are utilized to control the ratio of oxygen over CF4
  • 
    a Quantified grain coalescence in a RIE process with varying power (40, 120, and 200 W) and varying ratio of O2 over CF4 (0.42, 1.25, 2.50). The pressure and CF4 flow rate are fixed to be 100 mTorr and 12 sccm, respectively. Oxygen flow rates of 5, 15, and 30 sccm are utilized to control the ratio of oxygen over CF4. b The relationship between the grain coalescence and both the vertical and the horizontal etch rates
  • 
    SEM images of self-assembly of 3D nanostructures with different oxygen flow rates. A pressure of 100 mTorr, power of 120 W, CF4 flow rate of 12 sccm, and an etching time of 4 min 30 s were used. a At an oxygen flow rate of 30 sccm, the structures were not able to be folded due to the low etch rate. b At an oxygen flow rate of 15 sccm, the nanostructures are uniformly folded with an angle of 45° based on the stress generated in the moderate grain coalescence. c At oxygen flow rate of 5 sccm, considerable heat generation and grain coalescence does not contribute to fully folded structures. Only parts of the panels get folded more than 90°.
  • 
    Experimental results and SEM images. a The ratio of vertical etch rate over horizontal etch rate in a RIE system with fixed pressure of 100 mTorr and various power and gas flow rate ratio. The effect of etch rate ratio on self-assembly of b cubic structures with a fixed power of 120 W and c tube structures with a fixed power of 150 W. The six data points in b and c correspond to the labeled points ① - ⑥ in a. d-f The zoom in image of the insets of c with schematic illustration. A thin layer of Au (~3 nm) is coated on top of tube structures for imaging. The scale bar is 200 nm.

• Nitrogen-doped Carbon Nanotube Supported Pd Catalyst for Improved Electrocatalytic Performance towards Ethanol Electrooxidation

  Ying Wei1, Xinyuan Zhang1, Zhiyong Luo2, Dian Tang1, Changxin Chen3, Teng Zhang1,*, Zailai Xie2,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett.(2017) 9: 28
  First Online: January 7, 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0129-5

  • 
    Cyclic voltammograms for different catalysts in 1 M KOH solution.
  • 
    Cyclic voltammograms for different catalysts in 1 M KOH solution containing 1 M ethanol.
  • 
    CO-stripping voltammograms for a Pd/HTC-CNTs, b Pd/HTC- N1.67%CNTs, and c Pd/HTC-N0.86%CNTs in 1 M KOH solution, d cyclic voltammograms of different catalysts in 1 M KOH containing 1 M ethanol (in Fig. 2), normalized by EAS.
  • 
    a Chronoamperometric curves for different catalysts, recorded at -0.3 V in 1 M KOH solution containing 1 M ethanol, b chronoamperometric curves for different catalysts, recorded at -0.25 V in 1 M KOH solution containing 1 M methanol, c peak current densities for different catalysts, recorded in 1 M KOH solution containing 1 M ethanol, as a function of the cycle number.
  • 
    XRD patterns of different catalysts.
  • 
    TEM images of a Pd/HTC-CNTs, b Pd/HTC-N1.67%CNTs, c Pd/HTC-N0.86%CNTs; d, e, and f are the size distribution images for a, b, and c, respectively. HRTEM images of g Pd/HTC-CNTs, h Pd/HTC-N1.67%CNTs, i Pd/HTC-N0.86%CNTs.
  • 
    a XPS spectra of Pd/HTC-N0.86%CNTs, Pd/HTC-N1.67%CNTs, and Pd/HTC-CNTs in Pd 3d region, and b N1s spectra of Pd/HTC-N0.86%CNTs and Pd/HTC-N1.67%CNTs.
  • 
    Raman spectra of HTC-N0.86%CNTs, HTC-N1.67%CNTs, and HTC-CNTs supports.
  • 
    XPS spectra of Pd/CNTs and Pd/HTC-CNTs in Pd 3d region.

• Effect of Al2O3 Buffer Layers on the Properties of Sputtered VO2 Thin Films

  Dainan Zhang1,2, Tianlong Wen1,*, Ying Xiong1, Donghong Qiu1, and Qiye Wen1	Abstract|Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9:29
  First Online: January 10, 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0132-x

  • 
    SEM image of VO2 thin films: a, b deposited on p-Si substrate, and c, d deposited on Al2O3 buffer layers. Here, a, c are shown in low magnification, and b, d are shown in high magnification.
  • 
    X-ray θ-2θ scan of VO2 thin films grown on silicon and Al2O3 buffer layers under oxygen partial pressure of 5%, and 4% in a and b, respectively.
  • 
    a The resistance of VO2 thin films on Al2O3 buffer layers measured along the in-plane direction, and b the resistance measured along the perpendicular direction for VO2 thin films deposited on Al2O3 buffer layers and naked silicon substrate.
  • 
    a Capacitance of Pt/Si/Al2O3/VO2/Au and Pt/Si/VO2/Au stacks as a function of voltage at 100 Hz, and b capacitance of Pt/Si/Al2O3/VO2/Au stacks as a function of voltage at different frequencies.
  • 
    Schematic mechanism of electrically driven phase transformation of VO2 thin films.

• Dye-enhanced Self-Electrophoretic Propulsion of Light-Driven TiO2-Au Janus Micromotors

  Yefei Wu1,Renfeng Dong2,*, Qilu Zhang1, Biye Ren1,*	Abstract | Support Info Video 1 2 3 Video 4 5 6 7 Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9:30
  First Online: January 15, 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0133-9

  • 
    Schematic representation of the propulsion mechanism of the UV light-induced TiO2-Au Janus micromotors in: a an aqueous dye solution, and b pure water. Tracklines of the micromotors in c an aqueous solution containing 10−5 g L−1 MB, and d pure water (taken from Video S1), under 40 mW cm−2 UV light irradiation over 1 s (scale bar = 10 μm).
  • 
    a SEM image of the TiO2 spheres (scale bar = 1 μm). b XRD pattern of the TiO2 spheres. c SEM image of a single typical TiO2-Au Janus micromotor (scale bar = 500 nm). d–f EDX spectroscopy images illustrating the distribution of titanium, gold, and oxygen, respectively, in the micromotors.
  • 
    Average velocities of the TiO2-Au micromotors at a range of dye concentrations: a MB, b CR, and c MO under 40 mW cm−2 UV light irradiation. d Average velocities of the TiO2-Au micromotors in (0) water (green bar), (1) 10−5 g L−1 MB (blue bar), (2) 10−4 g L−1 CR (red bar), and (3) 10−4 g L−1 MO (pink bar) under 40 mW cm−2 UV light irradiation (scale bar = 50 μm). Tafel plots of Au (black lines) and TiO2 (red lines) under 40 mW cm−2 UV light irradiation in: e 10−5 g L−1 MB, f 10−4 g L−1 CR, g 10−4 g L−1 MO, and h pure water.
  • 
    a Influence of UV light intensity on the maximum velocities of the Janus micromotors. b Influence of UV light intensity on the velocities of Janus micromotors in aqueous solutions containing different MB concentrations.
  • 
    UV-Vis absorbance spectra of aqueous solutions of the three dyes (MB, CR, and MO, 25 μM) following treatment under a range of conditions over 60 min: No UV light or micromotors (black line); no micromotors but UV light (red line); no UV light but micromotors (blue line); UV light and micromotors (pink line). a MB, b CR, c MO, and d Photodegradation rates of MB, CR, and MO in aqueous solutions containing TiO2-Au Janus micromotors under UV irradiation.
  • 
    Effect of the number of micromotors on the photodegradation efficiency of MB (blue bar), CR (red bar), and MO (orange bar) under UV light irradiation over 60 min.
  • 
    a Time-lapse images (taken from Video S6) of the magnetically-guided propulsion of Au-Ni-TiO2 micromotors under 40 mW cm−2 UV light irradiation (scale bar = 10 μm). b Magnetic separation and redispersion process for the Au−Ni−TiO2 micromotors. Conditions: 2 μL micromotors dispersed in 100 μL aqueous solution and collected using a Neodymium magnet (power Level N52) over 30 s. c Average velocities of the Au-TiO2 Janus micromotors (black line), and Au-Ni-TiO2 micromotors after recycling once (red line), twice (blue line), and three times (pink line) at different MB concentrations under 40 mW cm−2 UV light irradiation. d Photodegradation rate of MB in a solution containing Au-TiO2 Janus micromotors (black line), and Au-Ni-TiO2 micromotors after recycling once (red line), twice (blue line), and three times (pink line) under UV light irradiation. Reaction time: 60 min.

• High-Performance Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitor Based on CoAl-LDH and rGO Electrodes

  Shuoshuo Li1, Pengpeng Cheng1, Jiaxian Luo1, Dan Zhou1, Weiming Xu1, Jingwei Li1, Ruchun Li1, Dingsheng Yuan1,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9:31
  First Online: January 15, 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0134-8

  • 
    a XRD pattern; b FT-IR; c N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution (inset); d EDX spectroscopy of CoAl-LDHs
  • 
    a, b SEM of CoAl-LDHs on CC electrode and c, d TEM of CoAl-LDHs
  • 
    Electrochemical performances of the CoAl-LDHs@CC electrode: a CVs at different scan rates; b GCD curves at different current densities; c Plot of C sp vs. current density; d Cycling performance during 2000 cycles at a large current density of 10A g-1
  • 
    a XRD pattern of rGO@CC; b SEM image of rGO@CC electrode; and (c, d) TEM image of rGO
  • 
    Electrochemical performance of the rGO@CC electrode: a CVs at different scan rates; b GCD curves at different current densities; c Plot of specific capacitance vs. current density; d Cycling performance during 2000 cycles at a large current density of 10 A g-1
  • 
    a Comparison of the CV curves of the positive and negative electrodes. b CV curves of the ASC at different voltages; c CV curves of ASC device at different scan rates; d GCD curves of ASC device at different current densities
  • 
    a Capacitance calculated from Fig. 7d; b CV curves (at 50 mV s-1) under different bending conditions; c Ragone plot of ASC device (inset: a red LED lighted by ASC device); d Cycle stability of the ASC device at a current density of 15 mA cm-2

• Novel Ag@Nitrogen-doped Porous Carbon Composite with High Electrochemical Performance as Anode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries

  Yuqing Chen1, Jintang Li1, Guanghui Yue2, Xuetao Luo1,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9:32
  First Online: January 15, 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0131-y

  • 
    SEM images of a, b ZIF-8, c, d NPC, and e, f elemental mapping of NPC
  • 
    a N2 absorption-desorption isotherms of NPC and Ag-NPC, and b pore size distribution of NPC and Ag-NPC
  • 
    a XRD patterns of the Ag-NPC composite and ZIF-8, b Raman spectra of Ag-NPC, and c TGA analysis of Ag-NPC and XRD pattern of the product
  • 
    a, b SEM micrograph of Ag-NPC, c elemental mapping of Ag-NPC, d, e TEM image of Ag-NPC, and f HRTEM of Ag NPs on the surface of NPC
  • 
    a XPS full spectra of Ag-NPC composite. The high-resolution XPS spectra of b Ag 3d and c N 1s
  • 
    Schematic diagram of Ag-NPC formation process
  • 
    Cyclic voltammogram of a NPC and b Ag-NPC electrode obtained at 0.1 mV s-1 in the potential window 0.01–3 V
  • 
    a Electrochemical impedance spectra, b the galvanostatic discharge-charge profiles at 100 mA g-1, and c the cycling properties and d rate capabilities of NPC and Ag-NPC
  • 
    Electrochemical impedance spectra in the 200th cycle of NPC and Ag-NPC
  • 
    a, b SEM micrographs and c elemental mapping of Ag-NPC after 200 cycles at 100 mA g-1

• Synthesis of Hierarchical SnO2 Nanowire-TiO2 Nanorod Brushes Anchored to Commercially Available FTO-coated Glass Substrates

  Derek R. Miller1, Sheikh A. Akbar1,*, Pat A. Morris1	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 33
  First Online: January 24, 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0136-6

  • 
    a FTO-coated glass slides showing growth from the slide to Au-coated while masked (left) to the nanowire-covered center (right). b Secondary electron image of surface covered in SnO2 nanowires. c Backscattered electron image of the same area, showing gold nanoparticle tips. d EDS spectrum of as-received FTO with the small fluorine bump denoted by an arrow. e XPS survey spectrum of as-received FTO showing the fluorine region of the as-received and SnO2 nanowires inset
  • 
    SnO2 nanowires grown on FTO at a 520 °C, b 620 °C, c 670 °C with no catalyst, and d from additional solution of FTO spin-coated onto the original thin film grown at 570 °C
  • 
    Hierarchical structure consisting of TiO2 nanorods grown radially from SnO2 nanowires anchored on FTO thin film-coated glass slides
  • 
    XRD patterns from: (bottom) TiO2 nanorod film grown hydrothermally directly on FTO; (middle) plain SnO2 nanowires grown from FTO via VLS; (top) SnO2 nanowire-TiO2 nanorod brushes synthesized via two-step VLS and hydrothermal process
  • 
    a TEM image of pristine SnO2 nanowire with inset SAED pattern showing a growth direction pointing toward the (502) reflection, whose plane normal corresponds to a [101] axis. b TEM image of SnO2-TiO2 brush with one plane of TiO2 nanorods growing at 33 degrees from perpendicular to the nanowire axis. Inset top right shows the [001] growth direction of the TiO2 nanorods and inset bottom left shows the faint reflections when an area including both the nanowires and nanorods is selected, showing that they have the same orientation. c An atomic model showing the epitaxial relationship of the angled nanorods growing from the SnO2 nanowire looking down the [010] zone axis

• Formation of NiFe2O4/Expanded Graphite Nanocomposites with Superior Lithium Storage Properties

  Yinglin Xiao1,2, Jiantao Zai2, Bingbing Tian1,3,* and Xuefeng Qian2,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 34
  First Online: January 9, 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0127-7

  • 
    Schematic illustration of possible formation mechanism of NiFe2O4/EG nanocomposite
  • 
    a XRD patterns and b TGA results for NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4/EG
  • 
    TEM images of a NiFe2O4 and b NiFe2O4/EG and HRTEM image of NiFe2O4
  • 
    Cyclic voltammograms of NiFe2O4/EG nanocomposites for first five cycles between 3.00 and 0.01 V vs. Li, with scan rate of 0.5 mV s-1
  • 
    a Charge–discharge curves of NiFe2O4/EG at 0.1 A g-1, b cycling performances of NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4/EG at current density of 1 A g-1, c cycling performance of NiFe2O4/EG at current density of 0.1 A g-1, and d rate capability of NiFe2O4/EG
  • 
    TEM images of NiFe2O4/EG nanocomposite after 120 discharge–charge processes
  • 
    Nyquist plots of NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4/EG at 0.08 V vs. Li after five cycles

• Design and Synthesis of Cu@CuS Yolk-Shell Structures with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

  Qiuyan Li1, #, Fan Wang1,#, Linqiang Sun1, Zhe Jiang1, Tingting Ye1, Meng Chen1, Qiang Bai2, Chao Wang1, Xiguang Han1, *	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 35
  First Online: January 26, 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0135-7

  • 
    a Schematic illustration of the formation mechanism of cubic Cu@CuS yolk-shell structures.SEM images of b Cu2O solid cubes (the inset shows the corresponding enlarged image), c Cu2O@CuS yolk-shell structures, and d single-shell Cu@CuS yolk-shell structures. The insets in c and d show the corresponding TEM images.
  • 
    XRD patterns of a cubic Cu2O@CuS, b products after hydrochloric acid reaction, and c products after ammonia reaction
  • 
    a Typical TEM image of cubic CuS@Cu yolk-shell structures. b, c Different magnification of the TEM image of individual Cu@CuS yolk-shell structures. d HRTEM image taken from the shell of a Cu@CuS yolk-shell structure. e The corresponding SAED pattern
  • 
    SEM images of different morphologies of Cu2O before and after the sulfidation- disproportionation process: a octahedral shape, b truncated octahedral shape, and c cuboctahedral shape
  • 
    TEM images of Cu@CuS octahedrons at different magnifications
  • 
    a UV-Vis absorption spectra of MB as a function of the xenon lamp (simulated sunlight) irradiation time for Cu@Cu2O cubes. The inset shows the corresponding photographs of MB irradiated by a xenon lamp for different periods of time. b Photocatalytic degradation curves of MB over different photocatalysts. c Plot of ln(Ct/C0) as a function of time over different catalysts. d Cycle stability of Cu@Cu2O cubes
  • 
    Nyquist plots of CuS and Cu@CuS cube samples

• Low-dimensional Halide Perovskites and Their Advanced Optoelectronic Applications

  Jian Zhang1, Xiaokun Yang1, Hui Deng1, Keke Qiao1, Umar Farooq1, Muhammad Ishaq1, Fei Yi2, Huan Liu2, Jiang Tang1, Haisheng Song1,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 36
  First Online: 09 November 2016 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0137-5

  • 
    Perovskite structure and solar cell efficiencies. a Perovskites possess the general crystal structure ABX3. The most prevalent perovskite in optoelectronic devices is MA lead trihalide, for which A = CH3NH3, B = Pb, and X = Cl, Br or I. b Best research-cell efficiencies. Adapted image reproduced from NREL [6].
  • 
    Synthesis of CH3NH3PbBr3 QDs. Schematic illustration of the reaction system a and precursors b. c Optical image of colloidal CH3NH3PbBr3 solution. d Schematic illustration for the formation of the CH3NH3PbBr3 QDs. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [27, 34].
  • 
    Colloidal CsPbX3 perovskite NCs (X = Cl, Br, I) exhibit size- and composition-tunable bandgaps covering the entire visible spectral region with narrow and bright emission: a Colloidal solutions in toluene under UV lamp (λ = 365 nm) excitation. b Representative PL spectra. c Typical optical absorption and PL spectra. d Time-resolved PL decays for all samples shown in c except CsPbCl3. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [37].
  • 
    One-step growth of perovskite NWs. a, b Slip-coating fabrication process of filiform halide perovskite and their optical image. c, f Roll-to-Roll printing for perovskite NWs thin film. d EISA method to fabricate aligned perovskite NWs. e Selective area deposition of perovskite NWs. g SEM image of NWs webs. f Transmittance spectra of NWs webs evolved with the precursor concentrations. Inset showed a photograph of semitransparent NWs networks from 30 wt% concentration. h Transmittance evolved with OTP precusor concentrations. i, j Full-inorganic CsPbBr3 NWs synthesized by one-step method and their typical optical absorption and PL spectra (j). Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [49, 52, 57–59].
  • 
    Two-step method for perovskite NW growth. a SEM images of vertically aligned CsPbBr3 NWs with a rectangular cross-section. b HRTEM and FFT images of a CsPbBr3 NWs. c Fluorescence decay kinetics of MAPbI3 NWs. d Conductivity improvement of the in-plane perovskite NWs. e SEM image of CH3NH3PbBr3 nanorod array. f, g Typical absorption and PL spectra of CH3NH3PbBr3 nanorod arrays. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [30, 63].
  • 
    Template method for perovskite NWs: Pb-containing precursor template a method for perovskite NWs (b, c). AAO template for perovskite NWs. d Photograph of a ∼9 × 9 cm2 NW arrays. e Cross-sectional SEM images of perovskite NWs. Scale bar is 500 nm. f Average τc for different diameter NWs. g Extension of carrier lifetime as the decrease of NW diameter. h, i Nanofluidic channel template growth. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [68, 70, 71].
  • 
    a Single-crystalline organometal halide perovskite nanoplatelets were synthesized by a one-pot method. Inset was the photo of the achieved colloidal perovskite nanoplatelet solution. b TEM images and selected area diffraction pattern of MAPbBr3 nanoplatelets. c X-ray diffraction of MAPbBr3 nanoplatelet film. d PL spectra of MAPbBr3 nanoplatelets in toluene solution and solid state. Inset, the optical images of MAPbBr3 nanoplatelets in toluene solution and in solid-state thin film under ambient light (left) and UV irradiation (right). e Schematic drawing of the nanoplatelet synthesis setup using a home-built vapor-transport system. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [76].
  • 
    Chemical-vapor-deposited methylammonium lead halide perovskite nanoplatelets. a Schematic figure of crystal structures of CH3NH3PbI3-aXa (X = I, Br, Cl). Morphological and electronic band-edge characterizations of CH3NH3PbI3 b, CH3NH3PbI3-aBra c, and CH3NH3PbI3-aCla d nanoplatelets. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [24].
  • 
    Reaction temperature influence on colloidal CsPbBr3 synthesis. 8–10 nm nanocubes were formed at 150 °C a, 20 nm nanoplates from 130 °C b reaction and 90 °C c reaction yielded several-hundred-nanometer scale lamellar nanostructures. Scale bar is 50 nm. d Absorption (solid lines) and emission (dashed lines) spectra of NPLs and nanocubes for comparison. e Colloidal solution of anion-exchanged NPLs in hexane under UV illumination (λ = 365 nm). f Inorganic perovskite PL peaks evolved with their anions. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [75]
  • 
    a–c Emissions of QLED devices utilizing different QD sizes. d The EL (solid line) and the PL spectra (dashed line) of samples shown in (a–c). e CIE coordinates of the three color QLEDs (circular) compared to the NTSC color standards (star). Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [90].
  • 
    Device characteristics of visible PeLEDs. a Absorption (black), normalized EL (solid line in green) and PL (dashed line in green) spectra of CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite. EL spectrum of mixed halide perovskite is shown in red. b Luminance (black) and current density (red) versus voltage characteristics of the green PeLED. c EQE versus voltage characteristics of the green PeLED. d EQE versus current density of the green PeLED. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [96].
  • 
    Illustration of multilayer PeLED device. a Device structure. b Cross-sectional TEM image of multiple layers with distinct contrast. Scale bar is 50 nm. c Flat-band energy level diagram. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [90].
  • 
    Perovskite NW solar cells: a, b SEM image of NWs from a one-step method and its corresponding J–V curve. Two-step-method grown NWs and corresponding device performances. c, d Top-view and cross-section of NWs films. e, f J–V and IPCE curves of NW solar cells. The scale bar is 1 m. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [52, 63].
  • 
    SEM, J–V, and EQE measurements for perovskite solar cells. a Cross-section SEM image of the device. The comparison of SEM surface images of FAPbI3-based layer formed on mp-TiO2 by IEP b and conventional method c. d J–V curves of best device measured in reverse and forward modes, and e EQE spectra for best device and integrated JSC. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [101].
  • 
    a One-step deposition. b Two-step sequential deposition. c Dual-source coevaporation. d Sequential vapor deposition. e Vapor-assisted solution growth process. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [18, 105–107].
  • 
    Perovskite NW photodetectors: Slip-coating-based NWs PDs. a Dark and laser illuminated I–V curves. b Time-resolved photoresponse. EISA-method-based device performances. c I–t curves. d High-resolution scan to one cycle of I–t curves. Doctor-blading-based NW PDs. e Wavelength-dependent photoresponsivity of the CH3NH3PbI3 MW array-based photodetectors. f Photocurrent versus light intensity curves. g Variation of dark current/photocurrent with day of photodetector based on OTP MW arrays. h Perovskite MW PD arrays for light source mapping. NW-web-based PDs for imaging. i–j Flexibility performances. k–m NW network PD arrays for imaging. n, o Encapsulation could help to improve the device stability. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [49, 52, 60].
  • 
    Perovskite NWs lasers. a–f SEM image and nanolaser performances from MAPbX3 NWs. g A set of dark field images of a IOP MW waveguide. Scale bar is 10 µm. h–i FAPbX3 NW laser performances. j–l Full-inorganic halide perovskite NW lasers. Adapted image reproduced with permission of Ref. [67, 119, 128, 129].

Most Viewed articles are updated on a monthly basis. Below are the journal’s Top 20 most viewed over the last 6 months.

• Engineering and Optimization of Silicon-Iron-Manganese Nano Alloy Electrode for Enhanced Lithium-ion Battery

  Pankaj K Alaboina1, Jong-Soo Cho1, Sung-Jin Cho1,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 41
  First Online: 06 February 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0142-8

  • 
    a Electrode calendering between the two steel bars using a bench press machine. b Optical images of the punched electrode discs of the not-pressed electrode and 3, 5, and 8 tons pressed electrodes
  • 
    a SEM images of the top surface. b Cross-section SEM images and coating thickness measurements. c Electrode/electrolyte wettability contact angle measurement results of the not-pressed electrode and 3, 5, and 8 tons pressed electrodes
  • 
    a Electrodes contact angle and density trend with applied calendering pressures. b BET specific surface area results. c BET surface area nitrogen isotherms of the not-pressed and 3, 5, and 8 tons pressed electrodes. d BET porosity distribution curves – Pore volume vs Pore width of the same sample electrodes.
  • 
    a Formation Cycle at 0.1C rate of not-pressed, 3 ton pressed, 5 ton pressed, and 8 ton pressed electrodes. b Electrochemical Impedance measurements of the same samples after 1st Cycle at 0.5C rate. c Delithiation cycling capacity of the same samples over 100 cycles at 0.5C rate. d Delithiation capacity retention of the same samples over 100 cycles at 0.5C. (Potential window = 0.01-1.5 V, active material loading ~2 mg cm-2, and 1C = 620 mA g-1)
  • 
    Electrochemical Impedance measurements of the not-pressed, 3 ton pressed, 5 ton pressed, and 8 ton pressed electrodes after 100 cycles at 0.5C rate

• 2D MOF Nanoflake-Assembled Spherical-Micro-Structures for Enhanced Supercapacitor and Electrocatalysis Performances

  Huicong Xia1, Jianan Zhang1,2,*, Zhao Yang1, Shiyu Guo1, Shihui Guo3, Qun Xu1,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 43
  First Online: 14 February 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0144-6

  • 
    Schematic illustration of the synthesis of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes and Ni-MOF nanoflakes.
  • 
    a SEM images of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes. b, c TEM images of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes. d Large-magnified TEM and SAED patterns of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes. e XRD patterns of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes, Ni-MOF nanoflakes, and ZIF-67. f STEM-energy-dispersed spectroscopy (EDS) mapping of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes.
  • 
    a Ni 2p XPS spectra and b Co 2p spectra of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes. c TGA of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes and Ni-MOF nanoflakes. d FT-IR spectra of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes, Ni-MOF nanoflakes, and 2-methylimidazole.
  • 
    a Cyclic voltammograms of as-prepared Ni/Co-MOF nanoflake electrodes at different scan rates in 1 M LiOH solution. b Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes at various currents in 1 M LiOH solution. c Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves comparison of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes, ZIF-67, and Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes at various current densities in 1 M LiOH solution. d Specific capacitances of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes, Ni-MOF nanoflakes, and ZIF-67 electrodes at 0.5 A g-1. e Cycling performance of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes at a current density of 2 A g-1. f Galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflake supercapacitor before and after 2000 cycles measured at 2 A g-1.
  • 
    a CV curves in Ar-saturated (solid curves) and O2-saturated (dashed curves) solutions with a sweep rate of 50 mV s-1. b RDE polarization curves of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes at different rotation speeds. Scan rate: 10 mV s-1. c Koutecky-Levich plots of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes at various potentials. d RDE polarization curves of samples at a rotation rate of 1600 rpm. Scan rate: 10 mV s-1.
  • 
    a Chronoamperometric responses of Ni/Co-MOF nanoflakes in O2-saturated 0.1 M KOH solution (1600 rpm) without and with 3 M methanol (added at 600 s). b Stability evaluation at -0.1 V and a rotation speed of 1600 rpm.

• Laser-Assisted Reduction of Highly Conductive Circuits based on Copper Nitrate for Flexible Printed Sensors

  Shi Bai1, Shigang Zhang2, Weiping Zhou1, Delong Ma1, Ying Ma1, Pooran Joshi3, Anming Hu1,4,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 42
  First Online: 09 February 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0139-3

  • 
    a Schematic of the experimental setup for laser direct writing. The laser beam is directed at a collimator. Afterwards the beam is reflected by a mirror and focused by a microscope objective (NA = 0.3). The translation stage enables the accurate and repeatable positioning of the substrate in two dimensions, with an overall accuracy of about 500 nm. b Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the flexible sensor based on copper electrode: (I) Oxygen plasma etching of the surface of the glass, (II) laser writing of copper salt, (III) coating of PDMS onto a reduced copper electrode, (IV) curing of the PDMS covered substrate, (V) peeling off the PDMS strip from the substrate, (VI) overlay of the PDMS on a target substrate. c Photograph of copper electrode on PDMS substrate. d Spider and zigzag electrodes on PET substrate
  • 
    a XRD pattern and b absorption spectroscopy of copper salt ink (inset: photographs of copper salts). c SEM images of copper line on glass reduced by the laser at powers of 3 W, 6 W, and 8 W. d Influence of laser power with width of reduced copper line. e The height and width of the copper line measured by a 3D profiler
  • 
    a XRD patterns of the copper salt after laser reduction at the laser power of 3 W. b Raman spectra of sample before and after laser wring. c–f Typical SEM image of copper electrodes reduced by the laser at powers of 2 W, 3 W, 4 W, and 5 W. g Resistivity of copper electrode as a function of laser power (inset: diagram of laser reduction and sintering.). h Mean size of copper nanoparticle by laser reduction
  • 
    Finite element simulation of laser annealing Cu film. a Temperature (degree centigrade) at k = 400 W (mK)-1, and scanning speed at 5 mm s-1 with 3 W inputted power. These conditions resemble the experimental condition. b The simulation of temperature profiles at laser scanning speeds of 1 mm s-1, 10 mm s-1, and 20 mm s-1. c Temperature changing of samples under different laser powers and irradiation times. d Thermogravimetric analysis curve of copper nitrate hydroxide
  • 
    a The resistivity as a function of the repeated bending/relaxation cycles. b Resistive response of the sensor to the bending angle from 0°–150°. c Resistive response of the sensor to the strain. d Response of the sensor to the pressure from 5 g–400 g. e SEM images of sandwich structure. The red lines describe the copper electrode area, and the blue arrows show where the electrode is covered by PDMS. f Typical SEM image of copper electrode after 6000 bending cycles. The blue circles show the damaged parts of copper electrode
  • 
    a–d Illuminance of three LEDs under the stretch of the sensor, from -25%–10%. e-f Photographs of resistance response of the sensor by weighting 50 mg paper
  • 
    a Photograph of the motion detection sensor. b Human motion detection of finger with flexible sensor based on copper electrode. c–d Photograph of touch switch control to turn LED on and off (Inset: schematic diagram of touch switch).

• Solar-driven Hydrogen Peroxide Production using Polymer-supported Carbon Dots as Heterogeneous Catalyst

  Satyabrat Gogoi1, Niranjan Karak1,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 40
  First Online: 09 February 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0143-7

  • 
    a TEM image of CD. b HRTEM of CD. c IFFT image of CD. d TEM image of PNC4.0. e HRTEM of PNC4.0. f IFFT of PNC4.0. g Size distribution of CDs.
  • 
    a XRD pattern and b Raman spectra of CDs and PNC4.0.
  • 
    Solar-driven H2O2 production using CD-impregnated waterborne hyperbranched polyurethane as heterogeneous catalyst.
  • 
    Plot of (αhν)2 vs. hν
  • 
    H2O2 production with different raw materials at different time intervals using PNC4.0 as catalyst
  • 
    Selectivity curve for H2O2 production with different starting materials (using PNC4.0 as catalyst)
  • 
    Effect of CD loading on H2O2 production (after 50 h of reaction)
  • 
    Reusability of the catalyst (PNC4.0)
  • 
    a Bacterial growth curves of PNCs. b weight loss curves of PNCs. c SEM image of PNC4.0 after 7 weeks of bacterial exposure. d SEM image of reference film after 7 weeks.

• FIB Secondary Etching Method for Fabrication of Fine CNT Forest Metamaterials

  Adam Pander1,2,*, Akimitsu Hatta1, 2, Hiroshi Furuta1, 2	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 44
  First Online: 15 March 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0145-5

  • 
    Schematic of process for CNT metamaterial fabrication: a Catalyst deposition, b FIB patterning, c FIB secondary etching, and d CVD growth
  • 
    a Schematic of metamaterial patterns used for fabrication and b map of FIB milling with patterning and secondary etching depths
  • 
    SEM images of patterned surface after CNT forest growth. Arabic numerals refer to depths in nanometers, while letters and Roman numerals were introduced for the purpose of analysis.
  • 
    a AFM images of patterned catalyst, b line profiles of pattern with applied secondary etching (0 – 0.5 nm), and c roughness analysis of the catalyst surface
  • 
    SEM images and Raman spectra of CNT patterns: a without secondary etching; b with secondary etching of 0.5 nm depth; c side view with secondary etching of 0.5 nm depth ; d TEM image of a CNT array grown under the optimized FIB processing conditions shown in c

• Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Gas Sensing

  Zhen Wen1, Qingqing Shen1, Xuhui Sun1,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 45
  First Online: 30 March 2017 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0146-4

  • 
    Design for converting nanoscale mechanical energy into electrical energy by a vertical piezoelectric ZnO NW based PENG. a SEM images of aligned ZnO NWs grown on α-Al2O3 substrate. b TEM images of ZnO NWs, showing the typical structure of the NW without an Au particle or with a small Au particle at the top (inset at center shows SAED pattern). c Experimental setup and procedures for generating electricity by deforming a piezoelectric NW with a conductive AFM tip. d Potential distribution for a ZnO NW in side view. e Electric signal collected by AFM on a ZnO NW array. Figures adapted from [10, 46].
  • 
    Surface free-carrier screening effect on the output of a ZnO NW based PENG and its potential as a self-powered active gas sensor. a Schematic diagram showing the structural design of the PENG (The inset is a photograph of a typical device). b SEM image of ZnO NW arrays grown on Ti foil in a top view (The inset shows SEM the cross-sectional view image). c HRTEM and SAED pattern taken from the tip region of a ZnO NW. d The working mechanism of the PENG driven by compressive strain. e The dependence of sensitivity on the ranging concentrations of H2S vapor. Figures adapted from [59].
  • 
    High response and selectivity of a Cu-ZnO NW PENG as a self-powered/active H2S sensor. a Schematic of a Cu-ZnO NW PENG as a self-powered/active H2S sensor. b SEM image of 5 at% Cu-ZnO NWs in top view. c HRTEM image and the SAED pattern of the edge region of a 5 at% Cu-ZnO NW. d Working mechanism of Cu-ZnO NW PENG as a self-powered/active H2S sensor. e A continuous responding-recovering process of the device against 500 ppm H2S. f Piezoelectric output voltage of the device under compressive force at room temperature in dry air and various concentrations of H2S. Figures adapted from [66].
  • 
    Conversion of PN-junction influencing the piezoelectric output of a CuO/ZnO nanoarray PENG and its application as a room-temperature self-powered active H2S sensor. a Schematic diagram showing the structure of the self-powered active gas sensor with two Kapton boards as the frame. b SEM image of CuO/ZnO nanoarrays on the top-view (The inset is an enlarged view of a selected area). c The sensitivity of the device upon exposure to different concentrations of H2S with one device repeatedly compressed by a constant applied strain of 0.012% at a frequency of 0.8 Hz. d The H2S-sensing mechanism of the self-powered active gas sensor based on CuO/ZnO PN-junction nanoarrays driven by compressive strain. Figures adapted from [71].
  • 
    A Highly selective and self-powered gas sensor via organic surface functionalization of p-Si/n-ZnO diodes. a Schematic of a singular p-n unit composed of p-Si μ-trenches. b The surface of the n-ZnO NWs was modifi ed by adding a SAM of functional groups. c SEM image of a singular p-Si/n-ZnO diode (scale bar: 10 μm). d Diagram of the ΔVoc response for different NO2 concentrations, for amine- and thiol-functionalized devices. e Most-stable geometries of NO2 molecules adsorbed at the thiol and amine functionalities. f Energy levels of the HOMO and LUMO of the functionalities without adsorbed NO2 and with adsorbed NO2. The averaged electrostatic potential from the core region of the Si atom of each functionality was used as reference potential. The HOMO level of the isolated thiol functionality was set to 0 for convenience. Figures adapted from [72].
  • 
    Synthesis of CdS nanorod arrays and their applications in flexible piezo-driven active H2S sensors. a Schematic diagram showing the structural design of the piezo-driven active H2S sensor based on CdS nanorod arrays. b SEM image of CdS NR arrays grown on Ti foil in a top view (The inset is an enlarged view of a selected area). c HRTEM and SAED pattern of the tip region of a CdS nanorod. d The piezoelectric voltage response of a device in dry air, H2S and pure oxygen at room temperature. The working mechanism of a CdS piezo-driven active H2S sensor. e The carrier density and depletion layer in CdS nanorods in H2S without compression and piezoelectric output under mechanical deformation. Figures adapted from [73].
  • 
    Invention and working principle of the first TENG that converts mechanical energy into electricity. a The construction and photography images in bending and releasing process and related electrical measurement tests. b Sketches that illustrate the operating principle. Figures adapted from [11, 74].
  • 
    A self-powered, room-temperature electronic nose based on triboelectrification and heterogeneous catalytic reaction. a Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of a self-powered electronic nose and an optical image of the as-fabricated device. SEM images of b the ZnO NWs and c the NiO nanoparticle-decorated ZnO NWs grown on the SiO2/Si (Scale bar, 500 nm). The output performance of the sensor elements comprising d NiO nanoparticle-decorated ZnO-PFTE and e NiO nanoparticle-decorated ZnO-PI under cycled compressive force of 50 N at an applied frequency of 4 Hz. Figures adapted from [96].
  • 
    A self-powered active hydrogen gas sensor with fast response at room temperature based on triboelectric effect. a Schematic of the as-fabricated triboelectric-based H2 sensor (TEHS). b FESEM images of the micropatterned PDMS surface (The insets show the enlarged view of the micropyramids PDMS). c Cross-section (I) and in-plane (II) micrographs of ZnO nanoparticles. d Variation of open-circuit voltage with and without H2 exposure. e The pressing and releasing signal peaks of the TEHS. f Response time characteristics of the TEHS. Schematic of the TEHS’s g triboelectric and h sensing mechanisms. Figures adapted from [97].
  • 
    Outputting olfactory bionic electric impulse by PANI/PTFE/PANI sandwich nanostructures and their application as flexible, smelling electronic skin. a Structure and fabrication process of the flexible smelling e-skin (The inset shows the photograph of the e-skin). b SEM image of PTFE nanostructures on the top view (The inset shows cross-section SEM image of PTFE NWs). c SEM image of PANI nanostructures on the top view. d and e The e-skin can be easily driven by gas flow (human heavy breath or blowing). f and g The e-skin can be easily driven by body motion (pressure). h Photograph of the self-powered breath–alcohol visual detecting system. i Real-time continuous responding/recovering process of the e-skin against 210 ppm ethanol gas flow. j An adult without drinking alcohol can light 8 LEDs. Figures adapted from [98].
  • 
    Blow-driven TENG as an active alcohol breathalyzer. a Schematic illustrations of the functional components of the blow-driven triboelectric nanogenerator, which mainly consists of three parts, a rotator, a stator and a soft elastic. b A SEM image of the FEP polymer NWs (scale bar, 500 nm). c A photograph of the as-fabricated stator (scale bar, 1 cm). d A schematic illustration of an as-fabricated device (scale bar, 2 cm). e The variation of the output voltage and current with external load resistances under a fixed blowing speed of 6 m/s (The inset shows the measurement circuit diagram). f A real-time continuously measured voltage profile to show the dynamic response to ambient alcohol concentrations. g A schematic illustration showing the self-power breathalyzer. Figures adapted from [102].

• A Wire-Shaped Supercapacitor in Micrometer Size Based on Fe3O4 Nanosheet Arrays on Fe Wire

  Guohong Li1, Ruchun Li2, Weijia Zhou2,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 46
  First Online: 19 April 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0147-3

  • 
    a-d SEM images of Fe@Fe3O4 at different magnifications
  • 
    a TEM and b HRTEM images of the Fe3O4. c The SAED pattern of the Fe3O4 (carefully scratched from Fe@Fe3O4)
  • 
    a XRD patterns of Fe and Fe@Fe3O4. b XPS fully scanned spectra, high resolution XPS spectrum of c Fe 2p and d O 1s of Fe3O4 scratched from Fe@Fe3O4
  • 
    a CV curves of Fe, Fe@Fe3O4-20, Fe@Fe3O4-30, and Fe@Fe3O4-40 at the scan rate of 50 mV s−1 in 3.0 M LiCl. b CV curves of the Fe@Fe3O4-30 electrode at different scan rates. c Specific capacitances of the Fe@Fe3O4-30 electrode as a function of scan rate. d GCD curves of the Fe@Fe3O4-30 electrode at different current densities. e Specific capacitances of Fe@Fe3O4-30 as a function of current. f Cycling stability of the Fe@Fe3O4-30 electrode at a current of 0.9 mA. Inset is the last 10 charge/discharge profile of Fe@Fe3O4-30
  • 
    Electrochemical characterization of the (+) CF@MnO2//Fe@Fe3O4-30 (-) wire-shaped all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor device. a CV curves collected in different scan voltage windows at the scan rate of 100 mV s-1. b CV curves of the device at different scan rates. c GCD curves of the device at different current. d Specific capacitance of the device as a function of current. e Ragone plots of the device calculated from GCD curves. The inset is a photograph of a red LED turned on by a wire-shaped all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor device. f Cycling stability of the device at a current density of 3.0 mA. The inset shows the last 10 charge/discharge profile.

• Recent Advances of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Structures and Appli-cations in Catalyst, Sensing, Imaging and LEDs

  Aiwu Wang1, 2, Chundong Wang1,*, Li Fu3, Winnie Wong-Ng4, Yucheng Lan5,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 47
  First Online: 15 May 2017 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0148-2

  • 
    a Triazine and b tri-s-triazine (heptazine) structures of g-C3N4. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society
  • 
    Crystal structure and optical properties of graphitic carbon nitride. a Schematic diagram of a per-fect graphitic carbon nitride sheet constructed from melem units. b Experimental XRD pattern of the polymeric carbon nitride, revealing a graphitic structure with an interplanar stacking distance of aromatic units of 0.326 nm. c UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectrum and image (inset) of g-C3N4. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [5]. Copyright 2009 Nature Publishing Group. Rep-resentation of the β-C3N4 (d), α-C3N4 (e), graphite-C3N4 (f), pseudocubic-C3N4 (g), and cubic-C3N4 (h). The carbon and nitrogen atoms are depicted as gray and blue spheres, respectively from Ref. [4]. Copyright 1996 American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • 
    a Schematic 3D g-C3N4 /Graphene structures. b, c SEM images of g-C3N4/graphene nanocompo-sites. Inset: TEM image. d C 1s, e N 1s XPS and f UV-vis spectra of g-C3N4/graphene nanocom-posites. Insets: photographs of the powder samples. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [66]. Copyright Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society
  • 
    a-c TEM images and d AFM image of g-C3N4 nanosheets. Inset of c: SAED pattern. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [52]. Copyright 2014 John Wiley and Sons. e Schematic illustration of top-down and bottom-up synthetic strategies for g-C3N4 nanosheets. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [68]. Copyright 2015 The Royal Society of Chemistry
  • 
    1D g-C3N4 nanostructures. a SEM image of nanotubes [79]. b TEM image of nanotubes [83]. c TEM image of nanorods [81]. d TEM image of porous nanorods [82]. Inset: pore size distribu-tion. e SEM image of nanofibers [30]. f SEM image of tubular structures [85]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [79] (Copyright 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry), with permission from Ref. [83] (Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society), with permission from Ref. [81] (Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society), with permission from Ref. [82] (Copyright 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry), with permission from Ref. [30] (Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society), with permission from Ref. [85] (Copyright 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH), respectively
  • 
    Morphology characterization of the HR-CN sample. a SEM, b TEM, and c, d corresponding el-emental mapping images of g-C3N4. Reproduced from Ref. [80] by permission of the John Wiley & Sons Ltd. e A g-C3N4 layer and f A single g-C3N4 nanotube formed by rolling the g-C3N4 lay-er. Reproduced from Ref. [79] by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry
  • 
    a HOMO-n and b LUMO+n orbitals of the single-layered g-C3N4, respectively. c HOMO-n and d LUMO+n orbitals of the double-layered g-C3N4, respectively. Reproduced from Ref. [87] by permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd. e Schematic illustration of the controllable synthesis of g-C3N4 nanosheets, nanoribbons, and quantum dots. Reproduced from Ref. [86] by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry
  • 
    a Typical H2 and O2 production from water under visible light irradiation. b Wavelength-dependent QE (red dots) of water splitting by composite catalyst. c QE for different concentra-tions of carbon dots/g-C3N4 catalysts in a fixed mass of composite catalyst. d QE for different catalyst loads with a constant carbon dot concentration in 150 ml of ultra-pure water. Repro-duced with permission from Ref. [95]. Coryright 2015 American Association for the Advance-ment of Science
  • 
    a In vivo tumor volume growth curves of mice in different groups after various treatments. b Body weight changes of Balb/c mice versus treated time under different conditions. c Photo-graphs of excised tumors from representative Balb/c mice after 14 day treatment and d the corre-sponding digital photographs of mice in the control group and “UCNPs@g-C3N4−PEG with 808 nm laser” group after 14 day treatment. e H&E stained tumor sections after 14 day treatment from different groups. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [118] Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society
  • 
    a Photoluminescence spectrum of the g-C3N4/silica-gels excited at 365 nm displaying four peaks (430, 480, 580, and 627 nm) in the visible regime. b, c Photographs of a free-standing g-C3N4/silica-gel membrane, displaying both good transparency b and flexibility c. d CIE-1931 chromaticity diagram showing the emission from the typical g-C3N4/silica-gels (marked by the black cross) excited at 365 nm. e FTIR spectra of AEATMS, g-C3N4-silica-gels, and g-C3N4 par-ticles. f Schematic drawing of an AEATMS-capped g-C3N4 particles in the g-C3N4/silica-gels. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [119]. Copyright 2016 Wiley

• Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Nanoparticle-Aggregated Ag-AgX(X=Cl, Br)@TiO2 Microspheres Under Visible Light

  Cuiling Zhang1,2,*, Hao Hua2, Jianlin Liu2, Xiangyu Han2, Qipeng Liu2, Zidong Wei2, Chengbin Shao1, Chenguo Hu2,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 49
  First Online: 25 June 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0150-8

  • 
    XRD patterns of a the Ag-AgCl@TiO2 NPAS samples and b Ag-AgBr@TiO2 NPAS samples
  • 
    FE-SEM images of Ag-AgCl@TiO2 NPAS: a S1, b S2, c S3, d S4, e S5, f S6, g-h S7 and i-l TEM and HRTEM images of sample S4
  • 
    FE-SEM images of Ag-AgBr@TiO2 NPAS: a S8, b S9, c S10, d S12, e S13, f S14 and g-i TEM and HRTEM images of sample S11
  • 
    XPS patterns of sample S4. Wide survey scan for a Ag-AgCl@TiO2 and b Ag-AgBr@TiO2, c Ti 2p, d Cl 2p, e Br 3p, f Ag 3d and g Ag 3d of sample S11, h Ag 3d in S4 and i Br 3p in S11 after 5 cycles of photocatalytic degradation. The inset EDS patterns of samples 4 and 11 are in the inset in (a-b)
  • 
    a UV-vis absorption spectra and b PL spectra of Ag-AgCl@TiO2, Ag-AgBr@TiO2, AgCl@TiO2 and AgBr@TiO2 structures
  • 
    a Comparisons of degradation rate with different samples in different stages; b Absorption spectrums of the degradation with sample S4 in different stages; c Comparisons of photocatalytic activities among the Ag-AgCl@TiO2 NPAS samples with different R under the visible light irradiation and TiO2 NPAS (S0) sample under the simulated sunlight irradiation in 60 min; d The result of the repeated experiments for five times with sample S4
  • 
    a Comparisons of degradation rate with different samples in different stages; b Comparisons of photocatalytic activities among the Ag-AgBr@TiO2 NPAS samples with different R and TiO2 NPAS sample under the visible light irradiation in 40 min; c Absorption spectrums of the degradation with sample S11in different stages; d The result of the repeated experiments for five times with sample S11
  • 
    The band structures and degradation mechanisms of a Ag-AgCl@TiO2 NPAS and b Ag-AgBr@TiO2 NPAS under visible-light

• Synergistic Effects in CNTs-PdAu/Pt Trimetallic Nanoparticles with High Electrocatalytic Activity and Stability

  Xin-Lei Cai1, Chang-Hai Liu2,*, Jie Liu1, Ying Lu1, Ya-Nan Zhong1, Kai-Qi Nie1, Jian-Long Xu1, Xu Gao1, Xu-Hui Sun1, Sui-Dong Wang1,*	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 48
  First Online: 21 June 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0149-1

  • 
    TEM and HRTEM images of CNTs-PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs and their size distribution with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios: a, b, c 1:3:2, d, e, f 2:2:2, and g, h, i 3:1:2
  • 
    HAADF-STEM images and regional elemental mapping of the Au, Pd, and Pt content of CNTs-PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios: a 1:3:2, b 2:2:2, and c 3:1:2
  • 
    XRD patterns of a CNTs-PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios and the CNTs-supported Au, Pd and Pt monometallic NPs and pristine CNTs. b A magnified view of CNTs-supported Pd and Pt monometallic NPs and pristine MWCNTs shown in a
  • 
    a Au 4f XPS spectra, and b normalized Au L3-edge XANES spectra of CNTs-PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios, Au/Pt bimetallic NPs, and Au NPs. The insets in b is magnified whiteline regions of as-obtained samples
  • 
    Pd 3d XPS spectra of CNTs-supported PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios, and Pd NPs
  • 
    a Pt 4f XPS spectra and b) Pt L3-edge XANES spectra of CNTs-supported PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios, Au/Pt and Pd/Pt bimetallic NPs, and Pt NPs
  • 
    CV curves for the MOR using: a CNTs-PdAu/Pt (3:1:2) NPs, Pd/Pt and Au/Pt bimetallic NPs, and a commercial Pt/C catalyst, and b CNTs-PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios. The durability (500 cycles) of the oxidation peak current for: c samples shown in a; and d samples shown in b
  • 
    CA curves for the MOR (–0.2 V vs Ag/AgCl in 1 M CH3OH + 1 M KOH) using: a CNTs-PdAu/Pt (3:1:2) NPs, Pd/Pt and Au/Pt bimetallic NPs, and a commercial Pt/C catalyst, and b MWCNTs-supported PdAu/Pt trimetallic NPs with different Pd:Au:Pt ratios

• Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Their Charge Carrier Mobilities in Field Effect Transistors

  Sohail Ahmed1, Jiabao Yi1,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 50
  First Online: 11 July 2017 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0152-6

  • 
    Schematic representation of the variation in liquid exfoliation process: a intercalation, b ion exchange and c ultrasonic exfoliation. (a-c) Reprinted from ref. [98] with permission from Copyright 2013, AAAS d Schematic representation of the CVD process e Schematic representation of large area MoS2 nano-sheet synthesis via dip and anneal technique. Reprinted with permission from ref. [101], Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society
  • 
    Idealized N-channel junction FET
  • 
    FET Tree
  • 
    (a–c) Preparation process of the single-layer MoS2 transistor. (d and e) the gate control of single-layer MoS2 transistor. Reprinted with permission from ref. [30], Copyright 2011, Nature Publishing Group
  • 
    a Effective hole mobility as a function of gate overdrive and b Output Characteristics of the p-type mono-layer WSe2 device. Reprinted with permission from ref. [168], Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society
  • 
    a Electron mobility as a function of dielectric constant. Dashed lines show the mobility without considering the SO phonons. b The critical impurity densities Ncr and c Room temperature electron mobility in mono-layer MoS2 surrounded by different dielectrics. d The room temperature net electron mobility in mono-layer MoS2 considering all kinds of scattering mechanisms as a function of impurity density (N). Reproduced from ref. [230]
  • 
    Hetero-structure based a FET composed of MoS2 (channel), h-BN (top-gate dielectric) and graphene (source, drain and top-gate electrodes). Redrawn from ref. [245] and b p-n junction fabricated from vertical stacked MoS2 (n-type) and WSe2 (p-type). Reprinted with permission from ref. [247]. Copyright (2015) American Chemical Society
  • 
    Theoretical charge carrier mobility of mono-layer 2D TMDC materials. Redrawn from ref. [254]

• Controlled Growth of Large-Area Aligned Single-Crystalline Organic Nanoribbon Arrays for Transistors and Light-Emitting Diodes Driving

  Wei Wang1, Liang Wang1, Gaole Dai1, Wei Deng1, Xiujuan Zhang1, Jiansheng Jie1, *, Xiaohong Zhang1	Abstract | Support Info Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 52
  First Online: 18 July 2017 (Article)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0153-5

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    Fabrication of large-area, single-crystalline organic nanoribbon arrays. a Schematic illustration of the procedure to fabricate BPEA nanoribbon arrays on the SiO2/Si substrate using dip-coating method. b Photograph of the dip-coating equipment. c 5×10 cm2 SiO2/Si substrate coated with BPEA nanoribbon arrays. d Optical microscope image of the large-area BPEA nanoribbon arrays on SiO2/Si substrate. Inset shows the corresponding enlarged optical microscope image
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    TEM images of a the BPEA nanoribbon and d TIPS-PEN nanoribbon. b, e show the corresponding SAED patterns. c, f XRD patterns of BPEA and TIPS-PEN nanoribbon arrays fabricated on the SiO2/Si substrates, respectively. Insets show the molecular structures of BPEA and TIPS-PEN
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    a Fluorescence microscope images and b the corresponding SEM images of BPEA nanoribbon arrays on the SiO2/Si substrate formed at coating speeds of 10, 30, and 80 μm s-1, respectively
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    a Bright-field optical microscope images and b the corresponding SEM images of TIPS-PEN nanoribbon arrays on the SiO2/Si substrate formed at coating speeds of 10, 60, and 80 μm s-1, respectively
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    AFM images of BPEA nanoribbon arrays (a, b) and TIPS-PEN nanoribbon arrays (c, d) formed at a coating speed of 80 μm s-1
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    Typical transfer (VDS= -50 V) and output characteristics of BPEA (a, b) and TIPS-PEN (d, e) nanoribbon array-based OFETs with optimized device configurations on SiO2/Si substrates. Insets in a and d show the typical optical images of the BPEA and TIPS-PEN based OFETs, respectively. Corresponding statistical diagrams of mobilities are shown in c and f for BPEA and TIPS-PEN nanoribbon array-based OFETs, respectively
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    a Circuit schematic of the ribbon array based OFET-LED system. b Photograph of one LED driven by the OFET based on TIPS-PEN ribbon arrays. c, d show the photographs of the LED pixels driven by the OFET based on TIPS-PEN ribbon arrays

• A Mini Review on Nanocarbon-Based 1D Macroscopic Fibers: Assembly Strategies and Mechanical Properties

  Liang Kou1,#,*, Yingjun Liu2,#, Cheng Zhang1, Le Shao1, Zhanyuan Tian1, Zengshe Deng1, Chao Gao2,3,*	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation
  Nano-Micro Lett. (2017) 9: 51
  First Online: 11 July 2017 (Review)
  DOI:10.1007/s40820-017-0151-7

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    a Schematic of the experimental setup for spinning CFs using polymer-based coagulation spinning method. SEM images of b a CF and c a ribbon (black arrow indicates the main axis) deposited on a substrate. SEM images of DNA-SWNT fibers d (The insert image show the round cross section) and e a magnified image of the cross section of an SWNT bundle coated with DNA. f A 10 m-long MWNT fiber collected on a small winder. a-c Reproduced with permission from Ref. [6]. Copyright 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science. d, e Reproduced with permission from Ref. [8]. Copyright 2008, Wiley-VCH. f Copyright Reproduced with permission from Ref. [11]. Copyright 2005, American Chemical Society.
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    a Polarizing optical microscopy (POM) observation of the SWNTs dispersed in 123% sulfuric acid. b Field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEGSEM) image of a −1/2 disclination in the nematic phase for CNTs. c The apparatus used for mixing and extruding neat SWNT fibers. d A jet of SWNT dispersion being extruded from a capillary tube. e A 30 m-long spool of water-coagulated SWNT fiber. a, b Reproduced with permission from Ref. [13, 14]. Copyright 2006, American Chemical Society. c-e Reproduced with permission from Ref. [18]. Copyright 2004, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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    SEM images of a fiber at low a and high b magnification. Cross-sections of hollow (c, d), folded ribbon e and solid f fibers. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [19]. Copyright 2005, Wiley-VCH.
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    a Optical photo showing the tungsten wire immersed in a SWNT colloidal solution (upper inset; scale bar 5mm), the SWNT fiber being formed during the withdrawal process (main panel; scale bar 10 mm). SEM image of the lower inset showing the magnified SWNT fiber in the dotted circle (scale bar 10 mm). b Schematic of the experimental setup and the formation mechanism of the SWNT fiber. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [20]. Copyright 2009, Wiley-VCH.
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    a A CF pulled out from a free-standing CNT array, b magnified images and SEM images c of CNT array, d SEM image of the yarn of (a), transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of a single thread of the CFs shown in inset, SEM images of CF at low e and high f magnification, g CF forming a loop around a Ni wire and then twisted, h SEM image of a two-ply twisted fiber. a-d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [21]. Copyright 2002, Nature Publishing Group. e-h Reproduced with permission from Ref. [23]. Copyright 2007, Wiley-VCH.
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    a Optical image showing a human hair and two as-grown SWNT fibers. SEM images of CF at low b and high c magnification. d HRTEM image of a top view of a SWNT fiber. Schematic of the direct spinning process with the spindle aligned at 25° e and normal to f the furnace axis. g Photograph of CFs wound from the spindle (left) onto a second spindle (right). SEM images of CF at low (h) and high (i) magnification. (j) A twisted CF after its removal from the furnace. SEM image of CFs showing a kink induced by bending (k) and showing an overhand knot (l). a-d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [27]. Copyright 2002, American Association for the Advancement of Science. e-j Reproduced with permission from Ref. [28]. Copyright 2004, American Association for the Advancement of Science. k, l Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2010, Wiley-VCH.
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    a SEM image of a 200 nm-thick CF made from a CNT film with a width of 2mm. b The schematic image left illustrates the twisting process induced elongation for the film and the two SEM images right come from the unstrained and strained part of the film, respectively. c Illustration of the spinning process of spring-like CNT ropes. d SEM images of a 4.4 mm-long section of rope consisting of highly uniform, perfectly arranged loops. SEM images of Fermat e, Archimedean f and dual Archimedean g type scrolls, which are illustrated in the insets, respectively. h, i SEM images of Si3N4NT@MWNT biscrolled yarn. The brighter areas correspond to MWNTs. j SEM image of TiO2@MWNT yarn. SEM images of overhand knot in 95% LiFePO4@MWNT yarn k and carrick bend knot between two 88% SiO2@MWNT yarns (l). m Photograph of 85% TiO2@MWNT yarn sewn into Kevlar textile. a, b Reproduced with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright 2009, Wiley-VCH. c, d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright 2012, Wiley-VCH. e-m Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2011, American Association for the Advancement of Science.
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    a Schematic illustration of the drawing–drying spinning process and optical images of the as-spun DWNT fibers. (b, c) SEM images of CNT cotton based fibers. d Schematic of fiber shaping by drawing CNT films through a series of diamond wire drawing dies. a Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2007, Wiley-VCH. b, c Reproduced with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2007, Wiley-VCH. d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2008, American Chemical Society.
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    a POM observation of GO aqueous dispersions with a fingerprint texture of chiral phase. (b, c) Cryo-SEM images and POM textures for GO chiral LCs. d a tight knot of GF. (e, f) photos of GO yarns produced using a multi-hole spinneret. g POM observation of gel-state GO fiber showing birefringence. SEM images of a GO fiber h and its magnified cross-section i. a-d Reproduced with permission from Ref. [46]. Copyright 2011, Nature Publishing Group. e-i Reproduced with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH.
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    A SEM images illustrating the assembly process of the GO fiber. Schematic illustration of the apparatus B and assembly mechanism C of wet-spinning GO fibers. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [52]. Copyright 2012, Nature Publishing Group.
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    Scheme for preparation of GO porous fibers a and hollow fibers f. SEM images of folded b, stretched c and fracture morphology d of GPFs. e Schematic core-shell structure model for GPFs. Photos of GO-HFs in coagulation bath g and the naturally dried GO-HFs (i). h SEM images of naturally dried GO-HF. j A Photo of necklace-like GO-HF. a-e Reproduced with permission from Ref. [54]. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society. f-j Reproduced with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society.
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    a Schematic illustration showing the coaxial spinning process. The magnified image of wet GO@CMC fiber b and GO@CMC fiber d. c POM image of wet GO@CMC fiber indicating the core-sheath structure and the well-aligned GO sheets in the core part. e The macroscopic photo of the RGO@CMC coaxial fiber. f Two intact coaxial fibers woven with cotton fiber. g Supercapacitor device based on the cloth fabricated by two coaxial fibers. h-j SEM images of coaxial fibers. SEM images of cross-sectional k and side l view of a two-ply YSC. Inset of i shows the schematic illustration of YSC. m SEM image of a two-ply YSC knot. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [56]. Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group.
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    Schematic illustration of LCST strategy (a-e) and the resulting composite fibers (f, g). Morphology of fracture section of GO-HPG fibers (h, j) and deformation mechanism model under tensile. SEM images of the cross section (k, l) and lateral view (m) of a GO-SA fiber. a-j Reproduced with permission from Ref. [60]. Copyright 2014, Nature Publishing Group. k-m Reproduced with permission from Ref. [62]. Copyright 2016, Springer.
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    a A photo of a mussel attached to Si substrate. b A schematic illustration of one-dimensionally aligned CFs reinforced by mussel-mimetic adhesives. SEM observations of fiber spinning process c and the spun CFs d. High magnification SEM images of the densified CF e and h-PEI-C treated CF f. Mechanical curves of the CFs. (g, h) Stress–strain curves of h-PEI-C-CNT (red) and h-PEI-C-CNT + Fe(III) (blue). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [80]. Copyright 2011, Wiley-VCH.