17February2019

Nano-Micro Letters

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Enhanced Roles of Carbon Architectures in High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lu Wang¹, Junwei Han¹, Debin Kong^2,, Ying Tao¹, Quan-Hong Yang^1,	Abstract Full Text Html PDF w/ Links Export Citation Figures
¹Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China ²CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China +Show more
Nano-Micro Lett. (2019) 11: 5
First Online: 10 January 2019 (Review)
DOI:10.1007/s40820-018-0233-1
*Corresponding author. E-mail: qhyangcn@tju.edu.cn (Quan-Hong Yang); kongdb@nanoctr.cn (Debin Kong)

Toc
Carbon-architecture assembly strategies for building high-energy and high-power LIBs
Assembly methods with the assistance of external forces or fields. a Schematic of silicon pomegranates. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [30]. b Schematic of the fabrication process for H-Fe3O4/GS hybrid films. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [39]. c Schematic of the gradient electrospinning and controlled pyrolysis method. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [45]. d Schematic of the synthesis rGO/Fe3O4 hybrid paper. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [52]. e VA-CNTs/Si structure. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [56]. f Schematic of the fabrication processes for nanostructured P-doped Si/graphite composites.
a Sketch and SEM images of graphite ﬂakes coated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. b Graphite-electrode casting. c Sketch depicting lithium diffusion pathways in both electrode architectures. d Rate capability.
a Schematic of MoS2@G. b Free-standing MoS2@G membrane. SEM images of: c Mo-SiO2-PVP, d Mo-SiO2@G, and e MoS2@G. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [87]. f HRTEM image of Gr-Si NP. g HRTEM image visualizing the origins (red arrows) of individual graphene-layer growth. h Schematic illustration showing the sliding of graphene coating layers that buffer the volume expansion of Si.
a Schematic of the fabrication process. b Cross-sectional SEM image. (Inset) A free-standing monolithic electrode. c Rate capability at tunable nanoporosity. d Rate performance at different mass loadings.
a Schematic of the lithiation/delithiation processes of the Ge-QD@NG/NGF/PDMS yolk-shell electrode. b, c SEM and d, e TEM images before cycling and under lithiation after 1,000 cycles at a current density of 1 C.
a Schematic of in-situ nanocrystal growth with GO as both hard and soft templates. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [108]. b Schematic of the sulfur-template control strategy that incorporates void space. HRTEM image of SnO2@GC: c before sulfur removal and d after removal of all of the original sulfur (Scale bar: 5 nm). e Cycling performance.
8 a Design concept of a 3D carbon-based current collector. b Visual comparisons of batteries with an ultrathick 3D electrode and a conventional design. Morphology and microstructure: c top view and d cross-sectional view. e Electrochemical performance.

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which are high-energy-density and low-safety-risk secondary batteries, are underpin to the rise in electrochemical energy-storage devices that satisfy the urgent demands of the global energy-storage market. With the aim of achieving high-energy-density and fast-charging performance, the exploitation of simple and low-cost approaches for the production of high-capacity, high-density, high-mass-loading, and kinetically ion-accessible electrodes that maximize charge storage and transport in LIBs, is a critical need. Toward the construction of high-performance electrodes, carbons are promisingly used in the enhanced roles of active materials, electrochemical reaction frameworks for high-capacity noncarbons, and lightweight current collectors. Here, we review recent advances in the carbon engineering of electrodes for excellent electrochemical performance and structural stability, which is enabled by assembled carbon architectures that guarantee sufficient charge delivery and volume-fluctuation buffering inside the electrode during cycling. Some specific feasible assembly methods, synergism between structural-design components of carbon assemblies, and electrochemical-performance enhancement are highlighted. The precise design of carbon cages by the assembly of graphene units is potentially useful for the controlled preparation of high-capacity carbon caged noncarbon anodes with volumetric capacities over 2,100 mAh cm^–3. Finally, insights are given on the prospects and challenges for designing carbon architectures for practical LIBs that simultaneously provide high energy densities (both gravimetric and volumetric) and high rate performance.

Keywords

Lithium-ion battery; Carbon architecture; Energy density; Power density; Assembly

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